Abstract
This paper explains that, in Aruba, Dutch is the official language due to colonialism. The author points out that Papiamento is the native language, the "mother tongue". The paper discusses issues of the right to self-determination and the role of U.N..

From the Paper
"Dutch may be the official language of Aruba but Papiamento is the native language that evolved over the centuries from a blending of Dutch, Afro-Portuguese, Spanish, Arawak Indian, French and English. Essentially a Creole language, Papiamento has been considered a pidgin and is spoken by very few people virtually all in Aruba, Bonaire and Curacao known as the ABC Islands of the Dutch Caribbean islands, The important point, however, is that, although very few people less than one half million use Papiamento as their primary language, it ..."

Tags:Papiamento, Aruba, Language, Dutch, UN, Colonialsm, Self-determination

Abstract
This paper examines that Latin American economic development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was hindered by a number of geopolitical and socioeconomic impediments. The author points out that Latin American nations were all struggling with the negative legacy of colonialism and imperialism at this time and their governments encountered significant difficulties as they sought to establish modern economic systems. The paper stresses that one major impediment was that despite their wealth of resources, these emerging countries lacked sufficient capital and labor to build land transportation networks.

From the Paper
"Latin American economic development in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was hindered by a number of geopolitical and socioeconomic impediments. Latin American nations were all struggling with the negative legacy of colonialism and imperialism at this time and their governments encountered significant difficulties as they sought to establish modern economic systems. One major impediment was that the emerging countries of the Western Hemisphere, despite their wealth of resources, lacked sufficient capital and labor to build land transportation networks. (Conde 90) Without such an internal communications infrastructure, economic progress is difficult to attain."

Tags:latin, american, economy

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses the book "La Revolucion: Mexico's Great Revolution as Memory, Myth, and History," by Benjamin Thomas. According to the paper, this book shows how the men who helped make the Mexican Revolution conscientiously defined that movement as the revolution which created the government. Additionally, they helped build support for that government by shaping the collective understanding of what the revolution stood for.

From the Paper
"History is the version of past events that people have decided to agree upon. Napoleon Bonaparte History will be kind to me for I intend to write it. Winston Churchill The history of Mexico has been marked by many revolutions, but that which began in 1910 is unique. It is the revolution which Mexicans honor..."

Tags:mexico, history, creation

Abstract
The paper relates that the Republic of Colombia, like many other South American countries, has been deeply influenced by its contact with Spanish colonialism. The paper explains that Colombia was first invaded by the Spanish in 1499, and shortly afterwards became part of what Spain called New Granada, a colonial holding also consisting of Venezuela and Ecuador. The paper relates that New Granada became independent from the Spanish in 1819 and this was only the beginning of an ongoing period of confusion and weakness for the Colombian state. The paper notes that over the next 67 years, until 1886, what was once New Granada dissolved into the individual states of Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. The paper adds that the Colombia of 1886 also included Panama, which seceded in 1903, the year in which Colombia took on its modern form.

From the Paper
"The Republic of Colombia, like many other South American countries, has been deeply influenced by its contact with Spanish colonialism. Colombia was first invaded by the Spanish in 1499, and shortly afterwards became part of what Spain called New Granada, a colonial holding also consisting of Venezuela and Ecuador. New Granada became independent from the Spanish in 1819. This was only the beginning of an ongoing period of confusion and weakness for the Colombian state. Over the next 67 years, until 1886, what was once New Granada dissolved into the individual states of Colombia,..."

Tags:colombia, venezuela, economics

Abstract
This paper looks at the different economic and political development histories of Thailand, Ghana, and Chile. It then compares and contrasts these histories by applying different economic and political development theories to each country. The paper concludes with the finding that each of the countries mentioned has achieved great developmental progress, but they all have a long ways to ago in terms of freedom for their people and their social institutions.

From the Paper
"How to best assist developing countries has been a political an economic issue ever since the end of colonization. Three developing areas of particular interest are Thailand, Ghana, and Chile. They each have very different development trajectories, and have gone about developing in very diverse ways. Thailand has actually followed the modernization theory of development, and just needs to continue working on social issues. Ghana in more in line with dependency theory due to its colonial past and has a lot of work to do in the political, economic, and cultural arenas. Chile followed dependency up to a point, when Pinochet took over and led the economy into modernization, leaving much to be desired in the social areas."

Tags:america, chile, crisis, debt, dependency, developing, latin, modernism, colonialism, pinochet, sen, thailand

Abstract
A paper comparing and contrasting the colonization of Brazil, Indonesia and Kenya. Several historical accounts in books are used as well as some journal articles for background information. The paper focuses on the assimilation of the colonists into new lands.

Tags:colonization, brazil

Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that due to the effect of globalism and fragmentation, as a result of globalisation, the future international order is unpredictable. The writer firstly defines the current international order. Secondly, the forces of globalism and fragmentation are looked at as well as their effects on the current international order. Finally, an analysis of current theories of future international orders is made. It is found that due to the simultaneous and contradictory nature of globalism and fragmentation, no theory for the future international order can be said to be likely to come to pass. The writer concludes that due to the forces of globalism and fragmentation, as a result of globalisation, the future international order is unpredictable.

From the Paper
"All of these theories are based on the idea that the nation-state will still be centric in the future system of international order, however, the force of globalism points to the dissolving of the power and legitimacy of the nation-state, and of borders. These theories also lack the identification two other central themes of globalism: interconnectedness and interdependence. If the world is becoming growingly interconnected and interdependent, then surely a challenge of America by China would lack any reason.
"From these various theories arising from the studies of the forces of globalism and fragmentation, several things can be deduced. Firstly, all of these theories contain serious fallacies. Secondly, these fallacies are largely due to a lack of recognition for the simultaneous and contradictory nature of the forces of globalism and fragmentation. Lastly, no single one of these theories is more valid than the others."

Tags:fragmentation, globalism, global, world, order, nation-state, system

Abstract
This paper first provides a brief history of U.S. relations with the Dominican Republic (1869-1930) and the establishment of the Dominican National Guard by the United States. It examines the U.S. endorsement of Trujillo and Trujillo's subsequent military rise and the election of 1930. The structure and impact of the Dominican Army is analyzed along with the Dominican economy and American investments and Trujillo's economic monopoly.

From the Paper
"From 1930 until 1961, a ruthless dictator named Rafael Leonidas Trujillo Molina ruled the Dominican Republic. As a result of his actions as dictator, Trujillo can be accurately described as an ambitious, corrupt, intelligent megalomaniac. In order to maintain absolute control for thirty-one years, Trujillo ran his administration with efficiency and expediency. Trujillo ascended to power in the Dominican Republic through military accomplishment in the Dominican National Guard, an army established by the United States in 1916, during Marine occupation. Throughout Trujillo's dictatorship, the United States continued as a willing participant, both diplomatically and politically. Once securely in a position of power, Trujillo used several tactics in order to maintain his status until his rule as dictator ended with his assassination in 1961. These tactics included the establishment of a single-party state, forced intellectual and educational conformity, and the regular use of a secret police. However, of all the tactics used by the dictator himself, the most effective means of control were his use of both ruthless military power and economic monopoly on the domestic population. Trujillo's methods of gaining and retaining absolute power in the Dominican Republic, coupled with United States influence during his regime, resulted in the proliferation of his dictatorship from 1930 until 1961."

Tags:america, caceres, carvajal, domingo, dominican, guard, haitian, influence, latin, republic, santo, trujillo, united, vasquez

Abstract
This paper provides an historical review of political leaders in Latin America and examines how many of them were leaders of the authoritarian school. It begins with a brief look at the Spanish conquistadores who carved out the great Spanish Empire in the Americas. It then discusses the political leaders of the 19th century: Sim?n Bol?var, Jos? de San Mart?n, and Francisco de Miranda ?
all soldiers first and ?liberators? of their countries later. The paper then focuses on the 20th century the leaders of the this period.

From the Paper
"Argentina-born San Marten served with Spanish armies in both Europe and Africa, returned to join the Argentine independence movement of 1812. Later, with General Bernardo O'Higgins, he ended Spanish rule in Chile. O'Higgins became "Liberator" of Chile, San Marten soon became "Protector" of Peru. The Venezuelan-born Miranda, who served the French in the American Revolution and later commanded French Revolutionary armies in the Netherlands, was briefly dictator of Venezuela."

Tags:spanish, conquistadores, boliver, miranda, martin

Abstract
This paper discusses a period (1844-1864) in the history of the Dominican Republic during a period when the country gained independence; suffered through corrupt, ruthless leadership; experienced several revolutions; repelled repeated invasions from Haiti and became a Spanish protectorate. This paper states that the pattern of rule by caudillos, or military strongmen, such Pedro Santana and Buenaventura Baez, was established during these years. The author believes that it is unfortunate that the Dominican Republic never got the kind of government and leaders that it needed during this period and, in many ways, is still suffering today from the effects of these early years.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Independence and the Establishment of a Government
Santana's First Term
The Accession of Baez
Alternating Regimes
Spanish Annexation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In 1844, a group known as La Trinitaria, co-founded by a young idealist named Juan Pablo Duarte, decided to bring their plan for establishing the independence of the Dominican Republic from Haiti to fruition. Aided by a wealthy rancher, Pedro Santana and his cowboys, the group seized Santo Domingo and its fortress on 27 February 1844. Other key conspirators were Tomas Bobadilla and Ramon Mella. A junta was formed, and Bobadilla was made president. Manuel Jimenes, a Trinitarian was made vice president."

Tags:corruption, santana, caudillos, revolution, spain