Abstract
This paper focuses on the recent changes that altered Australia's Constitution to include rules of citizenship. The paper explains that some people have begun to question the constitution's relevancy in today's world. The paper gives a brief history of Australian citizenship, and presents the arguments for and against keeping citizenship conventional. The paper also discusses Australia's alliance to Britain, including how immigration and citizenship may lead to republicanism. The paper acknowledges that there is a constant debate about whether the Constitution should be amended to include citizenship, but concludes that amending the Constitution to include citizenship is necessary to provide a democratic society to our future generations.

From the Paper
"As of late, there has been a lot of media coverage regarding refugees. A portion of this is misleading or biased. Thus a stigma has been attached to these so-called 'boat people'. A number of asylum seekers make their way to Australia every year. Since Federation, there has been 740, 000 refugee migrant settlers. 'Alien' is the term referred to when describing someone who is not a 'British subject, an Irish citizen, or a protected person.' . However, it has been argued that 'The civic identity of Australia as a law-respecting, liberal-democratic society includes all the people who live here-denizens as well as citizens'. By including citizenship in the Constitution, the people's rights would be recognised. One would hope that the migrants to Australia would be regarded as citizens and included in the amended sections. A large number of Australian born citizens would disagree with that statement. The Australian public has many concerns as to whether or not; they would suffer job losses, their individual rights would be stripped and whether or not the safety within their community would be breached. The topic of national security would however, have to be addressed by the drafters who included new sections in the Constitution regarding citizenship."

Tags:refugees, immigration

Abstract
This paper is a review of Fanon's book, "A Dying Colonialism" that details liberation of Algeria from French colonialism. The history of French occupation and the five year struggle for independence by the Algerians is covered using details from the book. How the revolution changed Algerian society is examined, and how the introduction of modern medicine and technology, allowed the Algerians to make the most of their independence.

From the Paper
"The radio played a large role in the liberation of Algeria. Introduced by the French, it was at first dismissed as an instrument to hold the Algerians down. The radio was established by the French in the form of Radio-Alger, an extension of the French National Broadcasting System, and was used as a way to embed colonial culture into the Algerian people's existence. Through this bombardment of French values, the Algerian people were actually divided further, into those who owned a radio, and those who did not. Generally, the majority of Algerian families rejected having a radio in their household."

Tags:advance, colonist, people, revolution, struggle, technology, french, medical, radio, culture, education, terrorism

From the Paper
"OPEC was created at the Baghdad Conference of September 10-14, 1960. The five founding members were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. OPEC was formed in response to the over production of oil in the late 1950's which in turn caused the price of oil to drop drastically (Encarta). The objective of OPEC as stated by the member countries is "to co-ordinate and unify petroleum polices among member countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry (OPEC 1)."

Tags:countries, exporting, organization, petroleum, oil, arab, opec

Abstract
This essay examines the claims of India and Pakistan over Kashmir, and examines some of the more viable solutions towards ending the fifty year standoff, concluding with a proposition for self-determination. It also suggests solutions to avoiding a nuclear conflict.

From the Paper
"Few current events are capable of conjuring the level of passion characteristically aroused in the debate over the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. The valley that has historically been characterized by the beauty and fertility of its land is now depicted in routine acts of violence, religious extremism, and human rights atrocities, and the issues at hand are as convoluted as the region's ancient history. Most aspects regarding Kashmir's current turmoil remain obscured to outsiders by ambiguity and propaganda. What have become evident, however, are the countless atrocities routinely perpetrated over the past several decades. Since 1947, Pakistan and India have twice declared war over the disputed territory, and have persistently engaged in low-level border skirmishes, which have left thousands dead. Because both counties now possess nuclear weapons, the international stakes in resolving the conflict have never been greater. Although both India and Pakistan have undoubtedly played a role in the violence, one's view of the crisis depends upon which account has been given, as both countries seem more interested in distorting the facts to aid their own cause, rather than viewing acts of violence individually and objectively."

Tags:asia, conflict, determination, extremism, foriegn, fundamentalism, hindu, independence, india, islam, jammu, jihad, mujahadeen, musharraf, nuclear, pakistan, policy, proliferation, religious, self, south, threat

Abstract
This essay looks at the role of air power in the Iran-Iraq war of 1980-88, arguing that it was largely used as a deterrent to an escalation in the conflict. First, the author examines how air power was used in the conventional role during the conflict. It then goes on to look at the vested interest that both sides had in not escalating the war. The essay explains how this led to air power being used to dissuade both sides from intensifying the conflict. The author states that international opinion, especially that of the United States and the Former Soviet Union, may also have a influenced both sides from having a more aggressive air conflict.

From the Paper
"Air power during the Iran-Iraq war was used to a small degree in conventional combat roles. It was used on a number of occasions, primarily during the early stages of the conflict, in the ground attack role. On the arguable first day of the war, 22nd September 1980, Iraqi air assets conducted strikes on towns, cities, airports and industrial instalments. Of importance, this included attacks on 10 Iranian airfields. In retaliation, the Iranian air force struck back at two Iraqi airbases on the same day. Over the following days, such Iraqi strikes continued with lesser intensity until by the 25th September they were largely limited to attacks on easily reachable bases close to the border. Paralleling the Iraqi actions, similar ground attacks by Iranian air assets also continued until the 25th September when they stopped almost completely."

Tags:Arab armies, air force, Middle Eastern Wars, air power

Abstract
The paper examines the role of the economy in relation to Australia's regional relations, defence and security and the international issues of the environment and human rights. The paper shows how, whilst there are many different arenas that shape Australia's foreign policy, it is evident that economic issues have a strong influence.

From the Paper
"To a greater extent than ever before, Australia's prosperity is dependent upon the international economy (Firth 1999, p. 94). Geographically, Australia is located in the Asia-Pacific region. It is, however, a Western country. This positioning divides Australia's affinity to both its ties with America, and its increasing economic relationship with Asia (Jones & Benvenuti 2006, p. 120). One pressing issue has been how to secure Australia's position in the Asia-Pacific region. Under particular focus is Australia's effort to hitch its interests to those of the booming economies of Asia (Tracy 1997, p. 142). Since 1989, the means for achieving this has been Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Whilst all trade links have importance to Australia, our economic links with East Asia are vital as we sell more to most East Asian countries than we buy (Kelton 2006, p. 233)."

Tags:regional, relations, defence, security, environment, human, rights

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief description of the country of South Korea, including area size, population, culture, economy and neighbouring regions. The paper then continues with a discussion of the impact of globalisation on South Korea and the part South Korea plays in the global economy. The writer comments on the overall effects of South Korea's relationship with its northern adversary, North Korea and how this impacts on the globalisation of its economy.

From the Paper
"South Korea is found on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, sharing its only border with North Korea. Other neighbours are Japan, 200 kilometres across Korea Strait, as well as China and Russia only a few hundred kilometres to its north. South Korea's total land area is 98,190 sq km and total population of 48,289,037. Its natural resources include coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential, and Korea makes $172.6 Billion from exports and spends $160.5 Billion on Imports."

Tags:economic, international, north, communism

Abstract
The paper discusses how the European integration project has moved so rapidly that the push for a European Constitution and its failure are causing doubts about the EU's future. The paper explains that the EU is not ready for a Constitution that could possibly place restrictions on the member states of the Union. The paper asserts that dwelling on the failure to ratify the Constitution will only breed negativity about the European Union and must be forgotten for the time being in order to save the European integration project from crumbling. The paper believes that the EU is being over-zealous in its aim for European integration and should slow down the process.

From the Paper
"The grounds for a European Constitution lie in the demand for a simplification of the numerous Treaties forming the European community and the former European Economic Community; the merging of more than 2800 pages into a single document. As well as the practicable arguments for this project, the implementation of a Europe wide Constitution also sees to reiterate that the European Union is more than just an economic community founded on coal and steel, but a Union of the European people."

Tags:treaties, integration, democratic, values

Abstract
This paper considers the fundamentals of debt. In particular, the paper looks at what it is, debt crisis, and how any analysis of the effects of foreign debt must take into account the type of debt, regional variation and the level of development, and the trappings of 'debt trap' not only for debtors but also for the world economy. The paper also analyzes two competing theoretical approaches to Third World indebtedness- neo-classical economics and dependency theory- and the efficacy of the International Monetary Fund's austerity programs.

From the Paper
'Different types of debt may also affect physical quality of life in varying ways. One study shows that external debt actually improved the physical quality of life in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study argues that because Africa is extremely capital-starved, thus relying on multilateral and bilateral debt to direct resources to projects which promote physical well-being, external debt may provide some stimulus for at least short-term development. Thus, while it is wrong to assert that the majority of multilateral or bilateral loans are allocated to programs which enhance basic development, relative to commercial loans, they provide some resources for the overall physical quality of life."

Tags:financial, policies

Abstract
This essay includes a brief description of the founding of the United Nations and then argues in its defense that it is a necessary global force.

From the Paper
"The United Nations began during World War II as a loosely organized confederation of states that had come together in alliance against the threat of German and Japanese imperial power, and as a successor to the failed League of Nations. However, it became a formal organization in 1945, when 46 member states attended the San Francisco Conference, and 51 member states signed the Charter of the United Nations. The principal organs of the Charter are the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. The cardinal objective of the Charter is the promotion and maintenance of international peace and security. Through the principal and subsidiary organs, the United Nations is dedicated to carry out and promote "human rights, justice, social progress and better standards of life" all of which lead to a peaceful and healthy international community."

Tags:global, political, armed, forces, war, world, coalition