Abstract
This paper deals with the threat of virus variola (smallpox) as a biological weapon, particularly against Australia. It covers the history of smallpox (both generally and as a biological weapon), its microbiology (structure, forms, causes and symptoms) and its epidemiology (distribution, methods of control and recommendations to limit distribution in Australia). This is coupled with several diagrams and graphs.

Outline
Introduction
Smallpox History
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Methods of control
Recommendations
Conclusion
Appendix

From the Paper
"Coming from the genus Orthopoxvirus and the family Poxviridae, the virus variola comes in several different forms (Fields, 05:369). The two most common forms are that of Variola major and variola minor. Both produce very similar symptoms, however while variola minor has a fatality rate of around 1%, variola major has a fatality rate of approximately 30% (Mayo clinic, 2003) The virus also comes in two rare forms: haemorrhagic and malignant. Killing 95% of its victims Haemorrhagic smallpox occurs in around 3% of variola major victims and is characterized by dark, purplish, blotchy flushing of the skin followed by high levels of blood loss through the skin and organs (Utah Government, 2002). Malignant smallpox victim's early symptoms are similar to that of the other forms of the disease, however the lesions never take on puss and remain flat. Malignant smallpox is more rare than its counterpart, however its fatality rate reaches that of 100%. (E-medicine, 2005)."

Tags:contagious, disease, haemorrhagic, malignant, medicine, propogated, virology

Abstract
This paper analyses how anthrax is a powerful biological weapon, which when used appropriately, may result in the death of thousands or even millions of people. It examines how, in order to maximise the efficiency of a response to a bio-terrorist attack involving anthrax, wider knowledge of the microbiology and spore formation of anthrax is needed, as well as effective biological counter measures to ensure the safety of civilian populations.
Outline
Introduction Releasing Anthrax
Epidemiology Symptoms
Microbiology
Pathology Methods of Control
Recommendations
Conclusion Bibliography Appendix

From the Paper
"Releasing anthrax would be relative simple, a cloud of anthrax spores released in a strategic location, with a high civilian population, could kill thousands or even millions of people if released according. A lethal dosage of anthrax is considered to be 10,000 spores; 80% of a population that inhaled such a dose would die. Less than one millionth of a gram is invariably fatal within a couple of days after exposure. (REF) An anthrax aerosol would be odourless and invisible following release and would have the potential to travel many kilometres."

Tags:agent, chemical, iraq, pathogen, terrorism, terrorist, war

Abstract
The paper examines the impact that terrorism has had on Australians and the way in which their travel has changed since the bombings of the 'Twin-Towers' in New York and 'Paddy's Bar' in Bali. The paper focuses on Bali, a favourite travel destination for Australians for many years. The paper discusses the crucial role the media has played in developing the discourse on modern-day terrorism. The paper also looks at how the Howard regime relates to Muslims.

From the Paper
"Before the bombings in Bali October 2002, Australians travelled to all parts of the globe with abandonment and a carefree attitude that had endeared them to many. Even after the attack on the Twin-Towers New York 2001, Australians had a "Could not happen to us" (Webster, 2002 P.28) mind-set. As a consequence, Australians continued to travel to Bali in large numbers. During 2001, Bali had received "2 million foreign visitors who stayed in 26,000 star-rated hotel rooms" (Webster, 2002 P.27). Although Bali is in Indonesia, and Indonesia is considered a rather risky place to visit because "Of its religious mix and inherent tensions" (Webster, 2002 P.28), Bali has always been perceived as different, by Australians. Because of this, many Australians continued to travel to Bali after the terrorist attacks in New York."

Tags:Muslims, motor, vehicle, Indonesia, media, Howard

Abstract
The paper argues that the transnational issues of terrorism, oil shortages and large scale immigration of peoples pose a threat to both contemporary intrastate security and global security. The paper discusses how oil shortages cause oil-dependent states to want to secure oil reserves, the very essence of terrorism poses an obvious security threat and the large scale migrations of people between states pose a threat to the intrastate security areas of nationalism, economics, culture and society.

From the Paper
"The precarious nature of the global situation of oil supplies has the potential to cause severe interstate conflict. This potential for conflict is centered on three factors: firstly, the developed global North is highly dependant on oil. In fact, the global North consumes over twice as much fossil fuels as the global South. This is even more so with America, which consumes 6 times as much as the global South. Secondly, much of Earth's oil reserves are located in highly unstable Middle Eastern states. Hence, the flow of oil from these countries is essentially unpredictable. Thirdly, global reserves of oil are rapidly exhausting. This state of affairs is compounded by underdeveloped states quickly becoming industrialised. From these factors, several potential situations where interstate conflict could occur can be identified. As oil reserves are exhausted and competition for remaining sources builds, highly dependant states could conceivably see the need for a secure oil flow as important enough to warrant martial actions. This could mean the invasion of oil rich states. Some academics, such as Dr Doug Stokes, have argued that such a situation has already been realized in the U.S led invasion of Iraq."

Tags:interstate, intrastate, conflict

Abstract
This research paper outlines some key effects of terrorism on the application of the rule of law. By outlining key historical events in conjunction with the practical analysis of the law and its connotations, one is able to see how terrorism may effect the validity of the law in a social, economic and political context.

From the Paper
"Terrorism is the largest threat to democracy the world has seen. The recent September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon are often perceived as the beginning of a "never ending" war against terror. However, the perceptions of the qualities of a terrorist differ from person to person, which presents a conflict as to who really is a threat, and who is not. For example, the United States Department of Defense believes that a terrorist is a person or group who carries out an attack for a political, religious or ideological purpose whereas, in a time of war, a terrorist would be someone with only a "remote chance of achieving their aims"."

Tags:international, law, political, rule, science, september

Abstract
This paper discusses the reasons why many passangers are scared to fly by airplane due to the high number of accidents and disasters that hav occurred recently. It examines the affect of the events of the 11th of September 2001 on perceptions of airplane safety and how it has affected security and travel costs.

From the Paper
"Australia is situated at the edge of the world, as far from other developed countries as possible, has low level of serious crimes but reacts actively to the situation in the world. That's what Sydney Airport has to say: "The attacks on United States aviation on 11 September 2001 have resulted in the introduction of additional aviation security measures at Australia's major airports". That statement asks a question about airport security before that tragic date. Was there anything to fear? Or there has never been a danger? Furthermore, they say: "Passengers are also advised to place any sharp implements (such as knives or scissors) in their checked-in baggage, as such items will not be allowed in the sterile area beyond the scanning machines". "

Tags:hijack, 9/11, quantas, security

Abstract
Although society does not often see globalization and terrorism in the same light, there are many connecting aspects. This paper outlines the true definitions of each term and evaluates the relationship between terrorism and globalization.

From the Paper
"Globalisation has long been viewed as Americanisation, and therefore the revolt against globalisation has always been aimed at the United States. Globalisation is a process more complex than a simple power play from the United states, however many countries view changes brought about as a result of globalisation as a push to remove traditions and religious beliefs from differing nations".

Tags:economy, government, islam, Americanisation, NAFTA, EU

Abstract
This paper compares the challenges faced by the U.S. in its counterinsurgency wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, with those faced in the Vietnam War and those faced by the USSR in the Soviet-Afghan War. In comparing, this paper focuses on the challenges of insurgent foreign support, public support at home for the counterinsurgent forces, and the effectiveness of counterinsurgency doctrine. Through this research, this paper concludes that the counterinsurgency challenges faced by the U.S. in Iraq and Afghanistan are nothing new.

From the Paper
"Today, the United States (U.S.) finds itself in counterinsurgent conflicts in both Iraq and Afghanistan. On September 11th 2001, global Islamist Jihadists belonging to Al Qaeda and led by Osama Bin Ladin, performed a succession of devastating attacks on the U.S. Subsequently, the U.S. invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 in order to punish what it believed to be those Islamic Jihadists that had attacked them, and to oust the Taliban government in place that it believed to have harboured such jihadists. A secondary result of the September 11th attacks was the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003, which was conducted as the U.S. said it believed Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction and was linked to the jihadists that had attacked them. Since these invasions, the U.S. has become bogged down in counterinsurgency efforts largely against those Islamist jihadists it had aimed to attack in the first instance. Indeed the global Islamist jihadist movement coordinated primarily by Al Qaeda is fighting an unrestricted war against the West."

Tags:military, doctrine, oil, guerilla, warfare, Vietnam, War, Soviet-Afghan, War

Abstract
A close look at the September 11th terrorist attacks and the multifaceted implications for United States. The author looks at foreign policy, security arrangements and the military and discusses the end of U.S. cultural isolationism. Finally the author looks at the move to multi-lateralism and the changing role of the States in the rest of the world.

From the Paper
"In his book, The Coming Anarchy, Robert Kaplan chillingly pointed to stateless terrorists being better equipped and to an America bathed in "entertainment culture" heading inexorably towards "something unpleasant". The terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11, 2001 have certainly sparked much debate over the possible implications for world order, security and possible conflict. The irony may be that notwithstanding the pain and anguish of the victims and their friends and families, the United States may emerge with better foreign policy and a clearer world military role."

Tags:war, globalization, world, multi-lateralism

Abstract
The increasing relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups constitutes a complex and fluid situation. This paper broadly examines some of the reasons for the increasing relationship between these two groups and by looking briefly at the organisational structures, actions and motivations of them, attempts to assess the current strength of this linkage.
Outline
Introduction
Traditional Similarities
Growing Similarities
Partnerships
Fundamental Differences
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Prior to September 11 the relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups was relatively unexplored and it appears that it was a widely held view that the link between the two was limited. In 1996 the United States government reported, 'On the basis of information currently available to the United States Government, it appear[s] that most transnational crime [is] completely unrelated to terrorist crimes or terrorism' . In the mid-1990s Alex Schmid (head of the United Nations Terrorism Prevention Branch) completed a study for the United Nations in which he came to the conclusion that '...despite some common ground, organized crime and terrorism are distinct phenomena that should not be confused. While there is overlap in the modus operandi of terrorists and organized criminals, there are several important differences'."

Tags:united, nations, al, qaeda, 9/11