Abstract
This paper discusses the pro's and con's of affirmative action, particularly with regard to employment and education. It discusses the purpose of Affirmative Action, and issues of discrimination and reverse discrimination.

From the Paper
"Affirmative Action purports to be a method for achieving equal employment opportunity for minorities normally discriminated against in hiring based on race ethnicity gender or other exclusionary criteria..."

Tags:Affirmative Action, pro's and con's, employment, education

Abstract
This paper explores the importance of cultural diversity in nursing. The paper examines both the legal, and the moral/ethical obligations of professionals in the field to represent and embrace diversity. The paper concludes that in order to reach this goal, nursing education must include more trans-cultural coursework and emphasis.

From the Paper
"Developing sensitivity to diversity is not only a legal obligation in the United States. It is also a moral and ethical obligation that speaks directly to aspects of the social contract and the longstanding human need..."

Tags:nursing, cultural diversity

Abstract
An examination into the history of U.S. constitutional law on the subject of racial segregation in public places and the different interpretations of the 14th Amendment (equal protection clause). The writer shows how this matter was clarified once and for all by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1954 Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education when segregation was finally declared illegal in America.

From the Paper
"Once the Supreme Court decided that segregation definitely caused inequalities, it used the Constitution to prove that segregation was illegal. Warren admitted that the Fourteenth Amendment was vague and inconclusive, but also concluded that segregation defied the Fourteenth Amendment. Segregation in public schools did not provide equal opportunities, and students who were equally talented, but of different races, were being separated. The Chief Justice's famous closing statement summed up the reasoning used in the decision: "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . . .. the plaintiffs . . . are . . . deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the 14th Amendment". (Urofsky-1989)"

Tags:Plessey, Ferguson, Jim, Crow, legislation, Frederick, Vinson, Earl, Warren, Chief, Justice, legal, racism

Abstract
A look at how affirmative action is a necessary policy in college admissions because it promotes diversity on campus. This paper discusses how a diverse learning community is essential in order to create a well-rounded student. The University of Michigan Supreme Court lawsuits are used to emphasize the main points of this argument.

From the Paper
"Affirmative action, a policy introduced in 1965 by President Johnson, has always been a topic of heated debate. Initially created as a program to give reparations to minorities, especially blacks, for past discrimination, affirmative action is now seen in a slightly different light. These days, the goal of affirmative action is not so much about paying reparations as it is about promoting diversity. Racial, socioeconomic, and ethnic diversity are the basis in the argument for affirmative action, as they provide a richer, more varied, and real-world learning environment for students. Affirmative action, although controversial, is a necessary evil in our society as it is required in order to promote the integration of various ethnicities and races into the melting pot of American society. As the University of Michigan President Mary Sue Coleman stated, ?Our diversity is our strength." "

Tags:diversity, racism, court

Abstract
This essay covers most topics surrounding affirmative action, including background, first affirmative action case and more recent events. The writer claims that affirmative action, while created to help bring blacks and whites together, only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished.

Table of Contents
History
Civil War
Reconstruction
Jim Crow Laws
Presidential Orders
Past Court Cases
Con and Rebuttal
Con Quotes and Opinions
Jessie Jackson on Affirmative Action
Lyndon B. Johnson on Affirmative Action
Rebuttal
How Affirmative Action Hurts the Civil Rights Act
Ill Effects of Affirmative Action
Recent Events
Piscataway Board of Education vs. Taxman
Proposition 209
California Ballot
Suit against Proposition 209
Arguments for Proposition 209
Arguments against Proposition 209
University of Michigan and Bush Brief

From the Paper
"According to the Webster's Dictionary, affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women. "Born of the civil rights movement three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education, and contracting decisions" (Froomkin 1). It has been a controversial topic in the United States since it began to plague the country in the early 1940's. Affirmative action as it is now seen, is giving unequal or special employment, or educational rights to minorities. "Affirmative action programs were originally created to correct racial and cultural discrimination, dating from the days of slavery and public segregation. But the initiative has proven controversial, and enforcement has often applied in a random and confusing way" (Mears 1). While created to help bring blacks and whites together, affirmative action only further spreads the races apart and should be abolished."

Tags:209, african, americans, civil, proposition, racism, rights

Abstract
This paper is a historical analysis of affirmative action in the United States. It covers the period from the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the leaders involved in the decision to pass this amendment to the Constitution, and the motivation behind this historic decision. It then compares the policies of more recent years, and shows how the intentions of the originators of this Act have been manipulated, and how the group that it was intended to benefit from these actions, are now suffering reverse discrimination.

From the paper:

"The Declaration of Independence states, "all men are created equal." Our Constitution is based on giving each citizen the same equal rights. However, policies have been implemented since 1961 to go against the words of the founding fathers of this country. Affirmative action is, by definition, "a policy or program for correcting the effects of discrimination in the employment or education of members of certain groups" or "encouragement for increased representation of women and minority-group members, especially in employment." Problems associated with affirmative action include reverse discrimination. Also, merit and accomplishments may be replaced by the requirement of a quota for a certain race or gender."

Tags:affirmative, action, civil, rights, kennedy, california, conservative, blacks, eeoc, johnson, race, gender, supreme, court, georgia, maryland, poor, classes, college

Abstract
This paper deals with the issue of affirmative action policies, looking at how these policies were installed within the social system and discussing their pros and cons.

From the Paper
"Affirmative Action policies are used in the United States to increase opportunities for minorities by favoring them in hiring, promotion, contracting and school admissions. Minorities are defined by race, ethnicity, or gender. Affirmative action has been accepted by governments, businesses, and educational institutions to remedy the effects of past discrimination against a group. It has been widely criticized for creating reverse discrimination in the workplace and at schools."

Tags:action, policy

Abstract
This paper discusses discrimination and the history of affirmative action in combating it. The author mentions various presidents in American history and their attempts to make a difference in leveling the playing field for all races. Pros and cons for affirmative action are presented by the author.

From the Paper
"For many years minorities were discriminated against in the job market. People in our country felt something must be done to fix this problem in our society. That solution was affirmative action. Affirmative action is a group of policies used by the United States to give minorities jobs and job advancement opportunities by favoring them (Encarta). This affirmative action is in place to make up for years of discrimination in the past, either by the country as a whole or specific companies. The history of affirmative action is a long and interesting one."

Tags:argumentative, discrimination, jackie, policy, presidential, race, robinson

Abstract
This paper reviews the debate swirling around affirmative action. In particular, the paper argues that affirmative action contains more benefits than debits and that at least some of the arguments put forward in opposition to it can be successfully rebutted by the available evidence. Specifically, the paper reviews the commonplace criticisms that affirmative action diminishes professional standards and also exacerbates racist and/or sexist attitudes towards certain groups. The paper concludes that the reasons in support of affirmative action are plausible and convincingly supported by the literature.

From the Paper
"For a very long time now, American society has been attempting to come up with a means of ensuring access to higher education and to lucrative jobs for minorities and for women. The most controversial of all the means used has been affirmative action, an approach which has increased the percentage of women and minorities in managerial and professional occupations ("Myth: Affirmative Action Hasn't Worked" n.d.) but has done so, critics charge, by placing people in positions for which they are ill-prepared and/or by discriminating against people simply on the basis of gender or race. Consequently, every failure by someone boosted into a position of authority by affirmative action may actually feed negative stereotypes about the group to which that individual belongs and lead to calls that merit is the greatest victim of affirmative action policies."

Tags:affirmative, action, argument

Abstract
While the boundaries of race and socioeconomic classes no longer keep the United States segregated, subtle forms of discrimination continue to proliferate. The bitter debates over issues like affirmative action and racial profiling illustrate how American society continues to be polarized by race and class. This paper looks at how insidious forms of discrimination continue to affect the lives of people who are marginalized by their race or socioeconomic class. The paper examines how race and socioeconomic class can affect people's education and their subsequent educational achievements.

From the Paper
"Education is an important foundation for a person's life. Early on, the quality of education will determine where people will go to college, their career opportunities and their income potential. People who have a solid educational background are at a marked advantage over their peers. They have access to better colleges, more prestigious careers and are often able to provide the same advantages for their children.
As the Page and the Blair studies have shown, the inverse is often true for students from poorer school districts and those who are of African-American and Hispanic origin. Often, they do not have access to technology in the classrooms that improves mathematical skills and self-esteem in younger students. They are also adversely affected by unintentional bias among school administrators and teachers."

Tags:technology, African-American, Hispanic