Abstract
This paper presents the history of Australia's involvement in the Battle of Pozieres. The paper begins with an overall explanation of the battle's significance, not only for the Australian troops who fought and died there but also for the overall success of the troops fighting on the Western front. The paper continues with a description of the windmill site where the battle took place, which was the bought by the Australian government as a memorial to the fallen ANZACS.

From the Paper
"The battle of Pozieres, part of the Somme offensive on the Western Front, lasted for only seven weeks. Australia suffered 23 000 casualties, including 8000 dead, which is equal to the number of men lost during the eight month offensive at Gallipoli. The Australian army arrived at a time when neither side had the ability to convincingly overpower the other and yet they managed to capture the village of Pozieres against over-powering odds. Because of this bravery Charles E.W. Bean, the official First World War historian, began the process of setting up a memorial at the Windmill Site outside Pozieres, as well as a National Memorial to all Australian soldiers in Canberra. It can be argued that the windmill site is no more important than other memorials at Pozieres, however this site has since become a national memorial to the Australian troops who fought in France and serves as a permanent reminder of Australia's role in the War."

Tags:france, german, site, war, windmill

Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons for European population growth in the eighteenth century with a focus on Britain and the industrial revolution. The paper shows how the development of new technology and the establishment of more efficient production methods and a higher standard of living, resulted in a decrease in the mortality rate. The paper also shows how the might, success and growth of the industrial economy was able to continue fueling the process of population growth throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, while new capitalist orientated theories put forward by Adam Smith advanced and galvanized the process.

From the Paper
"Through the development of new technology and the establishment of more efficient production methods, a higher standard of living was achieved resulting in a decrease in the mortality rate. It is arguable that the increasing industrialization of Europe led to a new social order whereby younger marriage became an advantage and therefore birth rates were able to increase. Furthermore the new economy of an industrializing Europe lent itself to supporting the massive increases in population, while at the same time keeping living conditions stable in the short-term and improving them in long-term. Changes in economic, political and social theory developed by Adam Smith allowed firstly Britain and then other countries in Europe to embrace the Industrial Revolution and appreciate the economic value that an increased population could give a nation."

Tags:adam, british, industrial, population, revolution, smith, technological, urbanisation

Abstract
This paper compares the attempts of King Theoderic of the Ostrogoths to establish his kingdom out of the Goths and Romans in Italy with the less cohesive settlement of the Anglo-Saxons in England. The author begins by describing the Ostrogoths and the history of their contact with the Roman empire, and shows that the Goths' adoption of Roman culture was the main reason for their success at settling in Italy. However, it ultimately led to the disappearance of their own identity and culture, as they assimilated and ceased to be barbarians. On the other hand, the Anglo-Saxons took the opposite approach, keeping themselves mainly apart from the native Briton culture, and subsequently maintained their settlement for centuries. The author points out that the term 'Anglo-Saxon' is still used today, almost as a synonym for 'Caucasian.' The paper concludes that their ultimate success may have been due to their retention of their own culture and the eventual adoption of Catholicism, something which the Ostrogoths refused to do.

From the Paper
"It has been said of the Ostrogoths that they were more Roman than the Romans, but how was this instituted and where did Theoderic get the inspiration from? The Ostrogoths as a people had had both indirect and direct contact with the Roman Empire for centuries. However, in 461, as the eight year old son of one of the Ostrogothic warrior leaders, Theoderic had been taken against his will to live in Byzantium for ten years. Living in the heart of what remained of the Roman Empire, Theoderic would have been exposed to Roman ways of living, perhaps more so than the ways of his own people. He would use this vital knowledge later in life when establishing his rule over two very different races, and create a kingdom unlike any of the other barbarian settlements."

Tags:architecture, extinction, Bede, Gildas, littoral, Bible, Zeno, Gaul, Byzantine

Abstract
A historical examination of the European ideological and cultural expressions about its colonization of Asia. This paper deconstructs and examines a range of primary sources to understand how Europeans saw themselves and the European relationship to conquered Asian colonies. Religious imperatives, the imperial mindset, economic causes and the evolution of a colonial lifestyle are some of the factors discussed. The paper lists MLA style end notes rather than a works cited page.

Outline:
Background
Feeding public bravado
Western values and human rights
The myth of European supremacy
Opportunity knocks
The lack of resistance
Benefits of colonialism

From the Paper
"Writers more sympathetic to imperialist nations often refer to the 'white man's burden' as an important, if rather abstract force behind the push for Asian colonies. Blessed with advanced civilizations and great riches, European nations were also 'burdened' with an altruistic responsibility to haul primitive societies into the modern era. In line with 19th century racial doctrines and the emerging philosophy of Darwinism (i.e. that societies must either 'evolve or perish') the political and economic modernisation of a colony might often involve coercion, violence and social cost but they were not sufficient to stop progress. This premise is based on the more ancient 'Hamitic myth': a belief that the descendants of the Biblical character Ham, being more Caucasian than Negro, possessed an innate right to rule over other Africans ... an ideology that for a thousand years justified slavery and ethnic cleansing. At its simplest the white man's burden is a conception that Asian and African civilisations, because of both their colour and their social structure, were somehow inferior to Europeans. Marxist historians dismiss the 'white man's burden' as an insipid attempt to legitimise conquest and give a positive slant to its ugly consequences."

Tags:colonialism, britain, france, india, vietnam, christian

Abstract
This paper explains that there are a number of factors that led to the Nazi seizure of power. The paper examines the events leading up to the Nazi party's victory, including: the democratic Weimar Republic had always governed on shaky ground; the Depression of 1929 only gave opposition parties more force with which to crush it and create an authoritarian state. The paper then explores the methods used by Hitler to take advantage of the current situation and gain control of the government. Finally the paper looks at Hitler's extraordinary use of propaganda to further destroy democracy and sway the disorientated masses toward the Right.

From the Paper
"Through the use of unprecedented political exploitation, the Nazis were able to seize power in a country shattered by the failure of democracy and in the depths of a national crisis. The deep-seated weaknesses of the Weimar Republic were easily exploited in plunging the country into political crisis, and the Depression provided an essential backdrop for the radicalization of the people toward extremist fringe parties. Hitler's clever political manoeuvres both before and after 1929, which included joining the force against the Young Plan, and redirecting his energies toward rural Germany, combined with his unprecedented use of propaganda, however, proved to be the most essential factors in establishing the political force of the Nazis."

Tags:depression, europe, national, socialism

Abstract
This essay examines four main elements of Russian modernization before World War I: The emancipation of the serfs; industrialization; the "Great Reforms" of the 1860s; and the aftermath of the 1905 Revolution. It shows that despite any superficial evidence of reform, Tsarist attempts to modernize Russia before 1914 were ultimately unsuccessful.

From the Paper
"Tsarist attempts to modernize Russia before World War one were superficial and ultimately unsuccessful. The repressive nature of Tsarism prevented any significant development of the agricultural sector or industrial system, while the reforms of the 1860s and concessions made after the 1905 revolution also proved ineffectual under the autocratic regime. Although some shallow economic and political gains were made, the attempts at modernization only further antagonized Russia's fragile social system."

Tags:history, revolution, serf

Abstract
This paper examines the history of anti-Semitism in Europe during the 19th century. The paper explores the similarities between the anti-Semitic prejudices that engulfed France and Russia in the late nineteenth century and then shows how in France, anti-Semitism was largely a right-wing Catholic movement, peppered with socialist support in the aftermath capitalistic change. The paper also provides a broad definition of anti-Semitism in general.

From the Paper
"Anti-Semitism is not an "identical phenomenon" similar to all countries, but rather based on individual national histories. The anti-Semitic prejudices that emerged in France and Russia in the late nineteenth century were both preceded by defeat in war, economic instability, and political change; circumstances exploited by the Judeo-phobic press and literature. However, while French anti-Semitism was derived from traditional religious dogmatism, and encouraged by the potent political force of anti-Republican Catholicism, the Russian experience was based on an ideological imperialism that was promoted by the government, and common to all "true" Russians."

Tags:france, history, jew, judaism, russia

Abstract
This paper views certain extracts from eye witness accounts of the complexities of the march to and fall of Antioch and Jerusalem and its retainment as the Holy city as the birthplace of Christ and all Christendom in the First Crusade. With an aim of demonstrating the organizational change of the view of the people of the era and correct representation of the facts, two verbose quotations of authoritative figures who were present or involved in the Crusaders are included to aid enlightenment as to the situation from the eyes of observers.

From the Paper
"Pope Urban II dealt with the concept of negating the commandment that "thy shalt not kill" in relation to what will come of those who fell on the battlefield fighting against the hoards of Moslems to retain Jerusalem. In a statement to the realm of Gaul he said: You have modestly expressed a desire to know whether those who have recently died in war, fighting in defence of the church of God and for the preservation of the Christian religion and of the state, or those who may in 'he future fall in the same cause, may obtain indulgence for their sins. We confidently reply that those who, out of love to the Christian religion, shall die in battle fighting bravely against pagans or unbelievers, shall receive eternal life. For the Lord has said through his prophet: "In whatever hour a sinner shall be converted, I will remember his sins no longer." By the intercession of St. Peter, who has the power of binding and loosing in heaven and on the earth, we absolve, as far as is permissible, all such and commend them by our prayers to the Lord."

Tags:antioch, armenian, belief, culture, heathen, humanist, infidel, islam, jerusalem, jew

Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses Pope Leo X?s role in provoking the reformation movement. It also looks into the other factors that led to the reformation and how they and Leo X?s acts, led to Martin Luther posting his 95 theses. It explains that this act started the journey to a fully reformed faith which was totally split from the Roman Catholic Church. The writer argues that while a reformation was inevitable due to the behavior practiced by the Catholic Church, particularly its senior clergy, had Leo X not instructed Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences in the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther would not have posted his 95 theses.

From the Paper
"The reformation was the splitting up of the Catholic Church and the formation of new Protestant faiths. The reformation was a long time in the making. For centuries there had been growing unrest, particularly as noblemen and kings became more powerful and independent from the Pope. Many factors brought about the reformation including the lavish lives of the clergy from the Pope down to his Bishops. In a time where not many people could read and there was a large difference between the rich and the poor, the lavish lives enjoyed by the clergy were vastly different to the pitiful lives of many members of their "flock". Luxuries enjoyed by priests, who had even taken vows of poverty when entering the church, led to many people getting critical of the church and its members. The Pope increasingly became a political, not spiritual, leader more interested in gold, luxuries and land than prayers and conducting the religious duties that he was "elected" to perform. All tensions reached a climax when the Pope commanded the Papal army to siege an Italian town held by the French."

Tags:catholic, church, indulgences, theses, 95

Abstract
Slavery resulted in the deportation of between eight and 10.5 million people over the course of over 200 years. Countries affected included Gambia, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, Mauritania, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon, as these were the locations of European slave forts operated by the Dutch, British, French, and Portuguese. This paper looks at the cultural effects of this trade on the African countries, some of them which may be considered positive. It covers several issues including the introduction of Christianity to Africa, the economic prosperity of countries from which slaves were taken and the rise in literacy in these countries.

From the Paper
"Areas that were involved in the European slave trade eventually prospered, as they developed commercial ties with the west, while those that profited from the traditional Arab slave trade in Eastern Africa declined alongside the Ottoman Empire. The biggest material difference between areas in which the slavery of Africans by Europeans predominated and other areas is that the former areas were early to adopt Christianity, which continues to divide some countries such as Ivory Coast and Nigeria as these coastal Christians clash with inland Muslims. It could be said that slavery caused Africans to develop a negative opinion of whites, but this would be the case only in that such a negative relationship complemented the latter, more pervasive one: colonialization. Whereas the Arabs, Turks, and Egyptians had practiced slavery in Africa for a much longer period of time, the slavery of Africans by whites was best understood as a precedent for the context in which Europeans would engage in relationships with Africans: as a stronger, alien culture with a history of conquest."

Tags:Suret-Canale, colonization, Africanization, Arabs