Abstract
The paper attempts to show how the Nazi party's propaganda in the 1920s was of utmost importance to the party in conveying the Nazi ideology to the German people to build a wide support base. The paper discusses how the Nazi party manipulated the growing resentment toward the Versailles treaty and the Weimar government through propaganda. The paper includes four posters in color that highlight the ingenuity of Goebells and describes Leni Riefenstahl's successful propaganda film "Triumph of the Will".

From the Paper
"The rise of Hitler and the Nazi party was due to a number of factors. An important contributing factor was propaganda. Propaganda was instrumental in projecting Nazi ideals; strong anti-Semitism and anti-Communist beliefs, glorifying the Aryan race, and the Fuhrer, Hitler. It also conveyed the ideas of German nationalism and the superiority of the German race, which were essential in Nazi ideology. Propaganda was important throughout the Nazi's campaign before and after they gained power in 1933. The party itself had a portfolio primarily concerned with propaganda (the ministry for Public enlightenment and propaganda), headed by Dr Joseph Goebbels arguably the best-educated Nazi leader . The Nazis' propaganda was as diverse as it was inventive. They reinvigorated old mediums such as radio by releasing and affordable radio dubbed the Volksempfanger, so anyone could listen to Nazi propaganda but also adopted new mediums, such as film most famously for "triumph of the will" by Leni Riefenstahl. The nazi party applied these mediums to fit certain situations such as bringing down the Weimar republic and in elections."

Tags:Versailles, Weimar, ideology, nationalism, Aryans, anti-semitism

Abstract
This paper explores the Nazi consolidation of power, and the manner in which Hitler assumed control over Germany. It looks at the historical and political maneuverings of Hitler from the early 1930's and how his propaganda machine enabled him to enchant the German public, gain enough political power he needed to eventually overtake most of Europe.

From the Paper
"Gleischaltung operated for the Nazis through opportunism and careful planning, through which the Nazi party was able to eventually gain power. The exploitation of the Reichstag fire to create the Reichstag fire decree allowed the creation of a conservative coalition and the creation of a broad support base through the existence of conservative activities, this broad support base allowed the implementation of the enabling law. Following the allowance of emergency decree the Nazis were able the suppress opposition and create inflammatory activities, further allowing the removal of opposition, culminating in the purge of the SA, and the adoption of Fuehrer upon the death of Hindenburg."

Tags:republic, weimar, ww2, reich

Abstract
This paper looks at the representation of fascism within the film medium of "1900". The paper looks at how films re-vision historical events and themes through close analysis of the portrayal of fascism in the film. The paper looks at Bertolucci himself, his views and beliefs and whether or not he challenges or advocates historical myths and assumptions.

From the Paper
"Bertolucci was born in Parma, Italy in 1940. His father encouraged his love of film, being amongst many things a film critic, and history professor , while his mother, whom Bertolucci described as "the most mysterious person in my life" , played a rather remote role within the family. Bertolucci has created a number of films, many enjoying commercial and critical success. Bertolucci's films often make political comments, furthermore 1900, despite being funded by two major American film companies ironically displays communist sentiment. 1900 re/visions the class struggle between the peasants and the landowners within 75 years of Italian history. This is captured within a four and a half hour long 'epic', exploring the relationship between two boys born on the same day from different class structures and foregrounding the rise of fascism and socialist resistance in Italy. Arguably film is the chief carrier of historical messages , being more accessible than novels or history books. However, film is perhaps the most problematic means of historical representation. Hollywood films attempt to make profit, thus they strive to entertain, win awards, and to a much lesser extent educate. 1900 is not a Hollywood film, and despite having big name actors , the film by no means follows typical Hollywood conventions. Historical films 're/vision' history; they transcend the 'linear, analytic and scientific' , and often move beyond absolute realism. They provide a vision which is subject to the value systems and motives of the filmmaker and the period in which the film was made. Through close examination of 1900, Bertolucci's revisioning of the understanding of Fascism is clearly displayed."

Tags:1900, bernardo, bertolucci, communism, fascism, film, history, italian, italy, socialism

Abstract
This paper looks at how the integration experiment of the European Union has given Europeans a greater sense of community throughout the continent and greater opportunities for the future and how war between European States currently seems inconceivable. It discusses the efforts over the past 50 years to prevent further war such as the Treaty of Rome and contends that the European integration project is a model of peace for the rest of the world and that hopefully the future years of the EU will prove just as peaceful as the last fifty.

From the Paper
"When the European Coal and Steel Community was established in 1951, its aim was to ensure that neither France or Germany could again wage war against each other, by keeping the raw materials of war under shared control. This arrangement, which eventually evolved into what we know today as the European Union, must maintain this goal. The last war in Europe cost the world over 50 million lives and devastated Europe's cities, its economy and its people. One irony of the Second World War was that it followed the "war to end all wars," and a phase when, rather than striving for cooperation, the victors of the war punished the perceived German perpetrator with the Treaty of Versailles, leading Germany to further isolation from and resentment towards the rest of Europe."

Tags:integration, churchill, war, world

Abstract
This paper examines how, forming part of the propaganda machine, art and architecture were used largely for the glorification of the Nazi regime and the Aryan race and for the denunciation of Judaism, Bolshevism and what the Nazis thought of as "degeneracy." The paper looks at how, by enforcing changes in the art world and through the use of "new German" architecture, the Nazis sought to cleanse the fatherland of "degenerate art", which was seen as detrimental to the Volk, and to ensure the National Socialist movement's immortality through buildings that would survive to inspire future generations of the thousand year Reich.

From the Paper
"Art held a place of high value in National Socialist ideology. Hitler who was an artist turned politician inspite of himself had said "art is the only truly enduring investment of human labour." Hitler linked artistic styles with race, claiming that the Weimar period's "degenerate art" was a result of "racial decline." The Fuhrer also linked art with politics saying "art has at all times been the expression of an ideological and religious experience and at the same time the expression of political will." According to Nazi ideology, only Aryans were the true bearers of culture, therefore only they could produce true art. The modern styles such as Cubism, Dadaism and Expressionism, which had flourished during the Weimar period were a result of "cultural Bolshevism" and influenced by the Jews. "

Tags:aryan, Judaism, Bolshevism, Fuhrer

Abstract
This paper follows the rise of Hitler and Nazi Germany, exploring the varying factors that led to its success. Hitler's use of propaganda to exploit the fears and desires of the German people (and ensure his own rise to power) is a major focus of this essay.

From the Paper
"The surrender of Germany and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles left the German population with a great many grievances, desires and fears. Despite this, it was not until the Great Depression of 1929 that these feelings manifested and the people of Germany looked for an answer to their mounting problems. From this depression arose two parties who rivalled the Weimar Republic - the Nazis and the Communists. It was however, the Nazis that succeeded. Their ability to play upon the needs and uncertainties of the German population, secured the success of their regime in the years 1929 to 1936. "

Tags:1929, 1936, anti, communists, depression, desires, fears, germany, hitler, ii, manipulate, nazi, people, population, propaganda, regime, republic, treaty, two, versailles, war, weimar, world, ww2, wwii

Abstract
This paper examines Primo Levi's "If This is a Man", which discusses the true nature of man, and his ability to adapt in degrading circumstances, when faced with evil and dehumanization. The paper maintains that although the prisoners of Auschwitz were degraded and demoralized, they were not able to be dehumanized for the choice to give up is a personal decision that cannot be made by another. The paper states that Primo's work provides insight into the lives and nature of the victims of the Holocaust. It concludes that analysis of this text may broaden one's knowledge of the Holocaust and Jewish culture, as well as man's ability to adapt and handle depersonalisation.

From the Paper
"In the initiation process that welcomed prisoners to Auschwitz they were stripped of every ounce of their identity that could be taken: "Nothing belongs to us any more; they have taken away our clothes, our shoes, even our hair; if we speak, they will not listen, and if they listen they will not understand." (p.33) Even their names were removed and replaced by numbers, tattooed on their bodies; with which they would be identified: "He is Null Achtzehn. He is not called anything except that, Zero Eighteen, the last three figures of his entry number; as if everyone was aware that only a man is worthy of a name, and that Null Achtzehn is no longer a man" (p.48). The prisoners soon realize that along with individuality all social distinctions and subtleties, good and bad, wise and foolish, the cushions of law, social habits and morals within the camp are reduced to zero. In the concentration camps "there is only survival or death" (p.59). Deprived of all human-defining aspects they begin a new existence as nothing more than laboring units. It is this first initiation process that starts the erosion of the prisoners' humanity."

Tags:WWII, dehumanization, holocaust

Abstract
This essay addresses communism in the USSR, and why it was doomed to fail. Reasons behind the break-up of the USSR are discussed as well as Mikhail Gorbachev's structural overhaul, Glasnost and Perestroika and the effects of these policies. Lastly, the paper addresses why the USSR break-up occurred relatively peacefully.

From the Paper
"The seeds of disintegration of the Soviet Union were sown even as it formally began in 1922. Even as the shift to communism was made through the barrel of a gun, numerous individuals, ethnic groups and organizations such as the mainstream churches resisted their new communist masters. And while their resistance was stifled by violent and brutal measures, such as occurred in 1956 in Hungary and in 1965 in Czechoslovakia, resistance to communism continued, albeit underground. Like a festering boil in which pressure builds up over time, resistance to the central communist authorities in Moscow, within Russia and ultimately throughout the Soviet Empire, increased steadily. "

Tags:communism, glasnost, gorbachev, perestroika, soviet, union

Abstract
This paper pertains to Speer's career, showing him as one of the most influential members of the Nazi party. It examines his rise to prominence with in the Nazi party and how he managed to achieve the aims he set his mind to. Subsequently this paper confronts, and covers Speer's effect on German armament, munitions and the total war effort.

From the Paper
"The nature of Speer's career altered through the changing nature of the German government and war effort. Speer rose from an unimportant architect through his competency to his more prominent work on Germania, while his efficiency in the completion of the new Reichstag building propelled Speer to logistical war work. Culminating from Speer's achievements in resettlement and war construction Speer was promoted to Armaments minister and then central controller of Germany's raw materials. Speer displayed remarkable competency within his work, and through his intelligence he became one of the most influential members of the Nazi party."

Tags:germany, gleischaltung, munitions, nazi, todt, volksgemeinschaft

Abstract
In the 1920's Hitler created a youth movement that would spearhead a new generation of superior Germans. He named it the Hitler Jugend or Hitler Youth. The paper looks at the circumstances in which the Hitler Youth was introduced and why it was so popular with German youths. It discusses the purpose of the movement including the activities it involved.

From the Paper
"By 1933 Hitler's dream of the Hitler Youth being a staging point for a new Germany was set back when he found out that only but 100 thousand members were part of it. Hitler was not swayed by this, and in 1934 when he came to complete power, he concluded that in order to make the Hitler Youth an epic organization, all other youth groups must be shut down and the Hitler Youth must be the sole and best organization for young Germans. His idea worked and with much encouragement and promotion of the benefits of joining, by 1936 the number of members had reached a staggering 4 million. Although this was a huge number Hitler was not convinced that it would satisfy his dreams, so in that same year, 1936, Hitler made it compulsory to be a member but not compulsory to be an active one. In 1939 and the introduction of war, attendance of non-active members had dropped to 25%, so Hitler made it compulsory to be an active member."

Tags:jugend, nazi, propaganda, reich, third