Abstract
This paper looks at how the U.S. plays an important role in maintaining peace and stability in the Asian-Pacific region and has successfully intervened in a number of potentially volatile security situations. It examines a number of alternative security arrangements and their viability as a regional order is explored. The first alternative arrangement is the rise of a regional hegemon to replace the U.S; the second alternative is a multi polar balance of power; and the third alternative is a mature security community. It concludes that each of the three alternatives has shortcomings, and do not compare favorably to the current regional order. Finally, the paper considers the likelihood of the U.S. leaving Asia-Pacific security to the Asians, and what impact current U.S. policies have on that prospect.

Outline:
Introduction
Meaning of the Term
What Role Does the U.S. Play?
Alternative Security Orders
Will the U.S. Leave Security to the Asians?
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The U.S. has been at the apex of a unilateral international system since the end of the Cold War, and has the ability to project power across the globe. The disparity in power between the U.S. and other regional actors is enormous, especially in power projection capability, defence technologies and intelligence gathering capability. Although U.S. dominance includes economic, technological and cultural power, these serve an important function of reinforcing military power, with the U.S. able to increase military spending whilst spending a smaller percentage of its GDP. At the end of the Cold War the U.S. pursued a hegemonic strategy and entrenched its role as the guarantor of regional security. Its approach to regional security is a 'hub and spoke' arrangement and includes important bilateral security ties with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and countries in South-East Asia. "

Tags:military, World, order, regional, hegemon, arms, race

Abstract
The paper argues that there is no single theory that fully explains the causes of nationalism. The paper explains the idea of nationalism and explores its causes and effects. The paper then shows how nationalism in the later half of the 19th century was caused by several different factors and had both national and global implications.

From the Paper
"As nationalism is a term that has many different meanings, the following paragraphs are committed to explaining the idea of nationalism as it will be used in this essay in order to avoid any confusion that may otherwise arise. Nationalism and nation are two terms inescapably linked and in order to understand what nationalism is, one must first have an understanding of what a nation is. Benedict Anderson, the emeritus of international studies at Cornell University described a nation as an imagined community of perceived equals who are loyal to that community. This is said in the sense that not everyone in the community will ever meet each other or even know of each other, but where a sense of community exists nevertheless and where people feel such a bond to that community that they are compelled to be loyal to it. It is important to note that a nation is not necessarily a state (a political unit), although a nation can be created from a state or vice versa."

Tags:nation-states, traditions, monuments, parades, liberalism, sovereignty, equality

Abstract
A historical examination of the European ideological and cultural expressions about its colonization of Asia. This paper deconstructs and examines a range of primary sources to understand how Europeans saw themselves and the European relationship to conquered Asian colonies. Religious imperatives, the imperial mindset, economic causes and the evolution of a colonial lifestyle are some of the factors discussed. The paper lists MLA style end notes rather than a works cited page.

Outline:
Background
Feeding public bravado
Western values and human rights
The myth of European supremacy
Opportunity knocks
The lack of resistance
Benefits of colonialism

From the Paper
"Writers more sympathetic to imperialist nations often refer to the 'white man's burden' as an important, if rather abstract force behind the push for Asian colonies. Blessed with advanced civilizations and great riches, European nations were also 'burdened' with an altruistic responsibility to haul primitive societies into the modern era. In line with 19th century racial doctrines and the emerging philosophy of Darwinism (i.e. that societies must either 'evolve or perish') the political and economic modernisation of a colony might often involve coercion, violence and social cost but they were not sufficient to stop progress. This premise is based on the more ancient 'Hamitic myth': a belief that the descendants of the Biblical character Ham, being more Caucasian than Negro, possessed an innate right to rule over other Africans ... an ideology that for a thousand years justified slavery and ethnic cleansing. At its simplest the white man's burden is a conception that Asian and African civilisations, because of both their colour and their social structure, were somehow inferior to Europeans. Marxist historians dismiss the 'white man's burden' as an insipid attempt to legitimise conquest and give a positive slant to its ugly consequences."

Tags:colonialism, britain, france, india, vietnam, christian

Abstract
The paper highlights Hun Sen's massive contribution to Cambodia's contemporary political history and argues that he has been the defining political personality since 1991. The paper offers a brief biography of Hun Sen's political career and outlines the major contributions he has made to the country from the perspective of both his critics and his supporters. The paper also discusses the key reasons for his political success.

From the Paper
"Hun Sen has been significant in Cambodian politics overwhelmingly due to his leadership in the CPP. From 1979 through to1990, Hun Sen served as Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of Kampuchea as well as taking on the position of Prime Minister in 1985. At this time the Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party, which would later evolve into the CPP, effectively made up the Cambodian puppet government set up by the Vietnamese. From Cambodia's first national democratic elections in 1993 through to 1997, Hun led the CPP in its governmental position as equal coalition partner next to the National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia (FUNCINPEC). In 1997, Hun Sen staged what has been called a coup. He violently overthrew FUNICINPEC and took sole government of Cambodia. Gaining a majority in the 1998, 2003 and 2008 national elections, the CPP and hence Hun Sen, has remained the effective administrator of Cambodia. Therefore, Hun Sen's leadership in the CPP has meant that for the majority of Cambodia's history since its occupation by Vietnam, including the entirety of its time as a democracy, Hun Sen has effectively administered Cambodia."

Tags:authoritarian, democracy, intimidation, aggression, coercion

Abstract
The paper starts with a summary of conditions in pre-colonial India and continues through to the birth of the public health sector in 19th century England. It then discusses the effects of drought on India and the results of the great famines on both agriculture and industry, looking at the responsibility of Britain in terms of preventing disaster via prevention and aid strategies and their ultimate failure in both areas. The spread of disease, in particular cholera is explored and again, Britain's contribution in this area is discussed.

From the Paper
"The colonisation of India was, for the British, the proverbial jewel in the crown, a new land of vast resources, unsystematic government and an animal-like people who, at best, were a cheap source of labour. But as the drought of 1876 decimated the population in a famine as cruel as any the Europeans had experienced, it became apparent that the British government would need to take steps to prevent a repeat of the devastating mortality rates produced by such a phenomenon. A certain responsibility to their precious colony would have to be shown."

Tags:agriculture, britain, cholera, colonisation, drought

Abstract
This paper examines the experiences of Allied prisoners of war during World War II. It compares the POWs of the Japanese with those of Germany and gives special attention to the Australians who were imprisoned by these forces. It starts with a general discussion of the circumstances of the war followed by a comparison in the areas of facilities, diet, healthcare, labor, recreation, torture and female prisoners. This comparison is made by looking at examples of the experiences of individual POWs and POW camps and its purpose is to show the reader the variety of experiences and it does not purport to be an assessment of the complete POW experience of the two nations.

From the Paper
"Fought on a number of fronts between 1939 and 1945 World War 2 can be separated into three conflicts. The Middle East and the Mediterranean between 1940-42. The Eastern front from June 1941 and the Japanese Pacific from December 1941. The war originally started when the Germans invaded Poland, causing France and the UK to declare war, while the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour incited the USA to declare war on Japan. Australia's involvement has generally been contributed to a widespread political and emotional commitment to Britain. The need for defence from the Japanese if they chose to move south was also a factor and in total 550,000 Australian men and women served in the armed forces."

Tags:airforce, allied, ambon, army, camp, detention, navy, soldier, starvation, torture

Abstract
This paper explores three major arguments of the roots of insurgency targeting in contemporary South East Asia and further demonstrates the implications of secessionist struggles for national states and the South East Asian region as a whole.

From the Paper
"An insurgency is an organized, armed political struggle whose goal may be the seizure of power through revolutionary takeover and replacement of the existing government (Pye in Eckstein 1980, p. 159). Insurgencies are not sudden events and can be considered as a nation at war. As outlined by Thornton, insurgent activities including guerrilla warfare, terrorism, and political mobilization, are designed to accomplish specific social, economic, and political reforms (in Eckstein 1980, p. 89). In some cases, however, an insurgency's goals may be more limited. For example, the insurgency may intend to break away from government control and this is commonly known as secession."

Tags:struggle, nation

Abstract
This paper looks at the Huks, who were the People's Liberation Army in the Philippines or HMB and discusses elements that are fundamental to the success of a rebellion in the context of the Huk Rebellion in the 1950s.

From the Paper
"The Huks of the period in question, 1950?1955, were the People's Liberation Army or HMB (Hukbong Mapaspalaya ng Bayan). The HMB was the product of an alliance formed between the People's Anti-Japanese Army or Hukbalahap (Hukbo nang Bayan Laban Hapon) from World War II, and the Philippines Communist Party or PKP (Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas). However according to Richard Kessler the HMB's true origins lay in the peasant movements of the 1930s. For the PKP though, the HMB represented its military arm, as is the case with communist insurrections where there is a distinct political (party) arm and military (gun) arm. The gun is subordinate to the party and thus leadership is a fundamental factor."

Tags:action, cia, communist, insurgency, military, nationalist, revolt

From the Paper
"On January 17th, 1948 the Dutch and the Indonesian Republican government concluded the Renville agreement. Under this agreement the Republic was to cede to the Dutch the territories lost in 1947, which included most of West Java. The military unit in the area, the elite Siliwangi Division led by Abdul Haris Nasution, withdrew to Central Java but two Muslim irregular units, Hisbullah and Sabilillah, refused to leave, ignored the Renville agreement and vowed to continue the fight against the Dutch. After the Siliwangi Division returned to West Java to resume the fight against the Dutch, who had attacked Yogyakarta and captured the Republican government in late 1948, they faced a new enemy; the Negara Islam Indonesia (NII), or Indonesian Islamic State, which is also known as Darul Islam. Led by S.M. Kartosoewirjo, a perang suci, or holy war, against the Dutch had been declared in 1947. With the atmosphere of betrayal, following the Renville agreement, felt by the residents and kiai, or religious leaders, of West Java, Kartosoewirjo was elected Imam and the war became a Jihad, or holy war, in May, 1948 to free NII territory from both the Dutch and the Indonesian Republican forces."

Tags:adil, colonial, dutch, indonesia, javanese, king, magic, millenial, ratu, sukarno, tentara

Abstract
This essay examines the content of Pre-Qin Chinese religious thinking, namely the religions of the Shang and Zhou dynasty. It explores the forces, which according to the religious beliefs of the Shang and Zhou people, controlled the human and non-human world. It shows that, according to these beliefs, the two worlds mentioned above co-existed and affected one another. Subsequently, the essay reveals that the ancient Chinese ideas about cosmic order and disorder were very closely related to the political domain.

From the Paper
"However, at the same time, it can be argued that the human world also controlled, or at least affected, the non-human world. The term "non-human" can be defined very broadly. It simply means "anything that is not human". The people of the Shang Dynasty believed that natural happenings such as storms, droughts, comets or eclipses were affected by human conduct. They were seen as warnings sent by the heavens, so that "human beings especially rulers might reform their personal conduct as well as their conduct of government." It is clear that there was a belief that the behavior of the human world would affect the happenings of the non-human world- bad behavior would cause natural disasters."

Tags:ideas, religious, supernatural, Shangdi, Confucius