Abstract
The chilling title of Phillip Gourevitch's book, "We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed With Our Families" (1998), is a reference to a group letter from members of the Tutsi clergy to an Adventist church leader, Elizaphan Ntakirutimana, pleading for his protection from the Hutu majority in Rwanda. Gourevitch's book concerns the genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994 in which the Hutu majority systematically massacred the minority Tutsi population. As a result of this effort at ethnic cleansing, an estimated 800,000 Tutsi were killed over the course of a 100-day period from April to July 1994. In fact, during the height of the massacre, Gourevitch reports that members of the Tutsi tribe were being massacred three times as fast as the Jews had been during the Nazi Holocaust. To better understand the events that contributed to this horrific slaughter in modern times, this paper provides a critical review of Gourevitch's book, including a discussion of how the religious, national, racial, and ethnic groupings in Rwanda were used as tools for the genocide. A discussion of how European colonialism, Rwandan politics, and the role of different aid organizations also contributed to the genocide is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"In this book, Gourevitch paints a grim picture about the events that led to the 1994 genocide in which hundreds of thousands of Tutsis were massacred to the point where the Hutus almost succeeded in completely eliminating the Tutsi segment of the Rwandan population, as well as countless members of the Hutus themselves who opposed the slaughter in the first place. The systematic and institutionalized method by which this slaughter took place was not unique to Rwanda, of course, but Gourevitch suggests that a combination of a cultural acceptance of violence, the nefarious roles played by NGOs, Rwandan governmental agencies and the nation's churches, all contributed to the genocide that took place during those terrible months of 1994."

Tags:Rwandese, Patriotic, Front, NGO, Mbonyumutwa

Abstract
The writer of this paper claims that the 1994 Rwandan genocide of 800 000 people was preventable. The paper shows how during the affair, the UN appeared disorganized and lacked any initiative and the author recounts chains of events and also the results of the UN's actions (or inaction).

From the Paper
"In 1994, from April 6 until June 14, one of worse and deadliest massacres of the 20th century occurred in Rwanda. These bloody two months, triggered by the mysterious assassination of Rwandan President Habyarimana, resulted in the murders of 800,000 people (approximately 6 people per minute). Despite these outrageous figures, the international community reacted in an extremely slow manner. The huge death toll of this genocide could have been prevented if various countries and international organizations had not allowed personal politics hold them back."

Tags:25, dallaire, decision, directive, genocide, hutu, nations, peacekeeping, presidential, romeo, rwanda, tutsi, un, unamir, united

From the Paper
"Alain Destexhe, in Rwanda and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, describes the massacres of half a million Tutsis in Rwanda, places that genocide in its historical context, explains how such a holocaust could occur just fifty years after Hitler, and calls for punishment of the guilty by an international tribunal to forestall another genocide in the future. The book is brief but powerful, leaving the clear impression that what has happened in Rwanda is truly among the three most horrible mass murders in the century. The author is relentless in focusing on the fact that the international community allowed this horror to occur, did little to stop it, funnelled its efforts into largely after-the-fact humanitarianism, and failed to punish the guilty and thus deter future genocide. The author suggests that the world has learned little from the genocides of the Armenians and..."

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the styles and themes frond in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" and Nelson Mandela's "I am Prepared to Die." Some of the topics discussed include prejudice, white supremacist attitudes, the use of non-violence to achieve your goals and that freedom will not be given unless it is demanded by those who are oppressed. The paper points out that although the messages are similar, they were written for different reasons. King's was written to explain his mission and his message, to the white clergy to chastise them for their neglect and condemnation of his actions, while Mandela's was written to defend the charges brought against him before a court of law and to explain his actions. According to the paper, these two men have become symbolic with the fight for freedom and equal rights.

From the Paper
"Although, the message is the same in each work, they are written to different audiences and from different reference of perspective. King's letter is written to his fellow clergymen, directing his remarks to the white clerical population, Christian and Jewish communities. It was written to explain his mission and his message, as well as a chastisement for not only their neglect, but for their condemnation of King's actions. Mandela's work was addressed to the court as a legal defense case. It was written to defend the charges brought against him before a court of law and to explain his actions. King's work is cited with biblical references, such as, "just as the Apostle Paul left his village of Tarsus and carried the gospel of Jesus Christ to the far corners of the Greco-Roman world, so am I compelled to carry the gospel of freedom beyond my own home town."

Tags:freedom, african, americans, liberties, violence, tension, clergymen, communties, oppressed, policy, injustices, scope, inspiration, dedication

Abstract
This paper presents a timeline of events and conceptual analysis of the events leading up to the genocide of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda in 1994. The paper examines causes of, as well as events which occurred during the genocide. It also looks at the reaction of the international community and what can be done in the future to prevent such a tragedy happening again.

From the Paper
"Many of the early requests and pleas for help were denied. There
was a peacekeeping force in Rwanda called the United Nations
Assistance Mission for Rwanda, but when Force Commander General
Dallaire became aware of the genocide and asked for soldiers and
logistical support, the UN Security Council refused and voted to
reduce UNAMIR down to 260 men. The international community did not
believe that they had any place or any reason to help in Rwanda.
Senator Robert Dole stated, "I don't think we have any national
interest here. I hope we don't get involved there." This was the
thought process of many government officials at this point."

Tags:africa, mitterrand, United, Nations

Abstract
The paper begins by tracing the origin and development of colonialism throughout Africa. It continues with a colonial history of Chad. Following this historical outline, the paper explores the effects of colonialism on this African country. The paper follows this form (of giving a historical outline and then exploring the effects of colonialism on the country) when discussing Nigeria and Angola. The paper also includes a comparison of the three countries in terms of the political, economic and national consequences of colonialism.

From the Paper
"Colonialism by stronger nations has been a part of history for thousands of years. The Romans practiced colonialism in ancient times, and the practice was exceedingly common in the 19th century. European nations tried to add to their power and prestige by adding to their cache of land, especially in Africa, where countries were ripe for the taking. "This colonial frenzy in the last twenty years of the nineteenth century saw all but 10 percent of the African continent colonized in a complex mix of political, economic, strategic, cultural, and religious rationales" (Wright 13)."

Tags:origin, development, effect, consequence, comparison, economic

Abstract
In order to understand adequately whether and to what degree, the UN has failed Africa, this paper examines the question on two levels: the political and the social. On the political side, it looks at the history surrounding the decolonisation of Africa and the role of the Security Council and peacekeeping forces in Africa, with a specific focus on Rwanda. On a social level, it scrutinizes the historical management, by the UN and its organs, of HIV/AIDS, as well as examining broader issues of social concern. Ultimately, it is argued that indeed, historically, the UN has failed Africa on a number of both political and social levels; however, it is also suggested that these failures, resulting largely from inaction and mismanagement, must not prevent African states for continuing to engage in the United Nations and its activities.
Outline
Introduction
Failure and Success on a Political Level
Failure and Success on a Social Level
Conclusion

From the Paper
"As has previously been examined, the UN was largely successful in helping to decolonise various African states. However, a decolonized Africa was not necessarily a peaceful one and, as has also been previously examined, ethnic divisions, a legacy of colonialism, remained. The Rwandan genocide is no doubt the foremost example of this. Rwanda was once described as 'the Switzerland of Africa' ; however, starting in April 1994, and lasting around 100 days, Rwanda's Tutsi people suffered genocide amounting to the largest scale human atrocity to occur in recent decades, and indeed, one of the worst violations of human rights in modern times. Not only were an estimated 5-10% of the Rwandan population killed , but these events sparked the cycle of mass killings and bloodshed that would devastate the region for years to come. "

Tags:decolonisation, rwanda, aids, hiv, genocide

Abstract
This paper is a review of Fanon's book, "A Dying Colonialism" that details liberation of Algeria from French colonialism. The history of French occupation and the five year struggle for independence by the Algerians is covered using details from the book. How the revolution changed Algerian society is examined, and how the introduction of modern medicine and technology, allowed the Algerians to make the most of their independence.

From the Paper
"The radio played a large role in the liberation of Algeria. Introduced by the French, it was at first dismissed as an instrument to hold the Algerians down. The radio was established by the French in the form of Radio-Alger, an extension of the French National Broadcasting System, and was used as a way to embed colonial culture into the Algerian people's existence. Through this bombardment of French values, the Algerian people were actually divided further, into those who owned a radio, and those who did not. Generally, the majority of Algerian families rejected having a radio in their household."

Tags:advance, colonist, people, revolution, struggle, technology, french, medical, radio, culture, education, terrorism

Abstract
An analysis of the narrative book 'Frederick Douglas'. A narration about slavery experienced by Frederick Douglass, a slave during the American period of slavery. The author discusses the history of slavery in the American society, its causes and effects.

From the Paper
"This narrative of an American slave shows in great detail, the horrors of being a slave, and the severity and callousness of the slaveholders of the South. The reader witnesses the growth of Frederick Douglass from a young slave to a free man, all the while experiencing the great terrors and misfortunes of slave life. In the South, during the 1800s, it was a crime punishable by death for a slave to be taught to read and write. However, Douglass secretly taught himself, and because of this, we have the opportunity to read one of the most powerful testimonies of slavery in American history."

Tags:civil, trade, war, cruel, abuse, torture, calousness, suffer, freedom, imprisonment, force

Abstract
Slavery resulted in the deportation of between eight and 10.5 million people over the course of over 200 years. Countries affected included Gambia, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, Mauritania, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon, as these were the locations of European slave forts operated by the Dutch, British, French, and Portuguese. This paper looks at the cultural effects of this trade on the African countries, some of them which may be considered positive. It covers several issues including the introduction of Christianity to Africa, the economic prosperity of countries from which slaves were taken and the rise in literacy in these countries.

From the Paper
"Areas that were involved in the European slave trade eventually prospered, as they developed commercial ties with the west, while those that profited from the traditional Arab slave trade in Eastern Africa declined alongside the Ottoman Empire. The biggest material difference between areas in which the slavery of Africans by Europeans predominated and other areas is that the former areas were early to adopt Christianity, which continues to divide some countries such as Ivory Coast and Nigeria as these coastal Christians clash with inland Muslims. It could be said that slavery caused Africans to develop a negative opinion of whites, but this would be the case only in that such a negative relationship complemented the latter, more pervasive one: colonialization. Whereas the Arabs, Turks, and Egyptians had practiced slavery in Africa for a much longer period of time, the slavery of Africans by whites was best understood as a precedent for the context in which Europeans would engage in relationships with Africans: as a stronger, alien culture with a history of conquest."

Tags:Suret-Canale, colonization, Africanization, Arabs