Abstract
This paper explores the differences in verbal and nonverbal communication between men and women. It explains the roots of these differences and how to alleviate the gender communication crisis.

From the Paper
"Do you ever wonder if men and women inhabit different planets? Can men and women be categorized into separate semantic types? Almost everyone would acknowledge that men and women have differences in the way they communicate. The question is: how different are they? Are they so different that the two groups are necessarily polarized to extreme ends of the communication spectrum? This question continues to baffle psychologists, relationship experts and the general public. Some would say that the differences are so minute that the issue is not worth debating. On the other side of the fence, the belief is that these differences are too great that men and women can indeed be confined to opposite poles. John Gray, author of the best-selling book, Men are from Mars, Women are From Venus certainly believes in the latter. According to Gray, men and women are so different in the way they communicate that it is only logical to believe that they originate from entirely different planets (Gray 5)."

Tags:men, nonverbal, sex, talk, verbal, women

From the Paper
"Michel Foucault, in The History of Sexuality, can definitely be considered a feminist, if one sees feminism as a search for truth about human nature, relationships, and the role and function of power in defining one's identity (including one's sexuality). Foucault argues that since the eighteenth century Western civilization has increasingly become obsessed with talking and thinking about sex as a subject, rather than partaking of "bodies and pleasures" (157). Feminism certainly posits that a woman to be authentically alive must overcome alienation from her body, whether that alienation is imposed upon her by an individual male or by "power" as it is exercised by the entire structure of society. This generalized sense of power is what Foucault posits as the controlling force behind the history of sexuality and the accompanying increase in public discourse ..."

Abstract
There are differences between aggression in men and women, which may have a biological basis, but are also tempered by psychological parameters and socialization issues. The paper shows that in animals, aggression is usually studied in terms of behavior alone, but in humans aggression encompasses the intention to harm another person, some form of behavior carried out as a result of this intention, and an emotion which can be anything from mere irritation to outright rage. While there are no clear statistics available, males usually tend to be more aggressive than females in terms of physical and verbal aggression. The paper shows that a still unanswered question is how much of this difference is biological and how much is psychological. Differences are not only found between genders, but also with age and education (aggression decreasing with increasing age and education level), and between different ethnic groups.

From the Paper
"While biological theories propose that there is a chemical basis for the differences in aggressiveness between males and females, psychological theories propose that aggressiveness is a learned response rather than an innate one. Although genetic makeup may give someone a propensity for aggressive tendencies, these tendencies can be positively or negatively affected by socialization and environmental influences (Colt and Kuehn, 1998). It has been shown by many studies that females exhibit less physical aggression than males from infancy onward (Fishbein, 1992). They are less inclined to explore and engage in less rough and tumble play than boys do. Females are raised differently than males, and this is in part responsible for suppressing aggressive tendencies in females."

Tags:genes, norepinephrine, serotonin, testosterone

Abstract
This paper positively reviews this non-fictional account of a boy raised as a girl after his parents were advised to do so by a medical doctor. The paper summarizes the life story of the child as reported in the book and talks about the book's successful treatment of issues regarding scientific arrogance within the medical treatment, sexuality, and gender identity.

From the Paper
"We tend to think about sexuality as being about biology (as, of course, in some rather obvious ways it is) and not go beyond the physical mechanics of sex when we are thinking about what it means to be a sexual being. But sexuality is perhaps as much about cultural mores and habits as it is about genetics, as John Colapinto's As Nature Made Him : The Boy Who Was Raised As a Girl (HarperCollins, 2000) examines. The book is a well written, thoughtful analysis of how individuals come to see themselves as possessed of sexual identities, and the process through which each individual learns to negotiate his or her identity as an amalgam of personal and social desires. The book is at its heart an impassioned story of how sexuality and sexual identity are at the very core of who each person comes to be as an adult, and how sexuality must be understood to be a fundamental and pervasive aspect of our sense of ourselves, not just what it is we do in bed."

Tags:aberrant, practices, normal, threatening, tragedy, botched, circumcision, infant

Abstract
This paper is about the role of nature and nurture in gender development. The author examines aspects such as socialization and biological traits that impact on a child's gender development.

From the Paper
"Gender is defined as the differences in traits and behaviors that males and females are presumed to have. In childhood years, gender is a large part of life. At a young age, children begin to establish their gender identity, or perceptions of themselves as masculine or feminine. They begin to establish roles that coincide with their gender. A girl for example may learn to cook and clean. On the other hand, a boy may learn to fight or play sports. The gender development children go through during the young ages is a discerning factor in the rest of their life. Both nature and nurture contribute to this development."

Tags:psychology

Abstract
This paper discusses physiological differences between the male and female brains which can affect how the genders differ in behavior. These can also lead to differences in how boys and girls learn. The paper goes on to explain how new pedagogic strategies are forming to teach boys and girls in different ways and give students more opportunity for independent thought.

From the Paper
"Physiologically the male and female brains have many differences which effect how both genders differ in behaviour, interests, relationships etc. Some of these differences in the brain include the Amygdala which is larger in males and attributes to aggression. The Arcuate Fasciculus, Cerebellum, Frontal Lobe and the Broca's Area all attribute to females having stronger language and communication skills and taking in more sensory data from an earlier age than males. The Cerebral Cortex is thicker on the right side for males and left side for females meaning the male is often dominantly right brained (random, intuitive) and the female left brained (logical, rational). The left hemisphere being greater developed for the female means they are superior in listening, communicating and all language based learning. The Cerebrum is related to multi-tasking and is always active in females. Estrogen in females lowers the aggression and competition , whereas testosterone in males increases these traits . The Hippocampus is larger in females and increases memory storage. The Hypothalumus gives males a greater, more constant sex drive. Therefore, already from birth, males and females begin with separate attributes which will affect the way they learn at school. In general, female brains develop quicker than male brains, for example a pre-school girl will often read faster, have more refined motor skills and a larger vocabulary than a male peer . In terms of behaviour, due to testosterone, males aren't as good at controlling impulsive behaviour and girls are less likely to take moral risks. Males have more development in the right side of the brain, which provides them with better spatial abilities, such as measuring, mechanical design, geography and map reading . Physically, the average man is taller and heavier and 30% stronger than the average woman."

Tags:abusive, behavior, self-esteem

Abstract
This paper argues that the way that people act out their gender is not a natural, inherent extension of their biological sex, but in accordance with the expectations imposed on them by the heterosexual model of society. The paper describes Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity and then analyses two social experiments, implementing the use of participant research observation in leisure activities in order to support its claims.

From the Paper
"The research conducted therefore concludes that men and women are not naturally gendered beings, but are yet constrained into playacting the normative conceptions of femininity and masculinity imposed on them by the hegemonic masculinity of society (Butler 2002:49). Gender performances can be observed in leisure activities (Wearing 1996:169). Both experiments found that most people accord to gender stereotypes, due to fear of not being a real man or women, because those who contest it fear becoming ostracised from society (Butler 2002:49). These experiments led to the conclusion that gender is not an inherent part of our identity, but yet based on performances (Chinn 1997:306). This was most exemplified in the way the shop assistant changed her performance towards the baby once she was informed the baby was really a he. This supports Butler's argument of gender performativity, thus further legitimising her claims (Chinn 1997:294)."

Tags:biology, heterosexual, expectations, society

Abstract
This paper explores the impact feminism has had on criminology. The paper points out that while men are studied as non-gendered subjects, women are subject to study by virtue of their gender issues. All feminist groups believe that the main discrepancy between the sexes and the unequal distribution of power is caused by a social institution called patriarchy. The paper attempts to answer the question: Can feminist perspectives give us an insight into contemporary issues of crime and criminal justice and if so, how?

From the Paper
"Feminist criminology seeks to explain women's offending; women's victimization and women's experiences within the criminal justice system, almost all of the other prominent traditional criminological theories either ignore women's offending or relied upon stereotypes generated by men. Given this it was, and still is in some cases very difficult for a woman within the criminal justice system as this system was designed primarily around traditional criminological theories which had several inadequacies in addressing the gendered nature of crime. Traditional criminological thought was generally theorized to be gender neutral and apparently applied to both sexes equally. However this ignores the notions of masculinity and femininity imposed by everyday socialization, thus it becomes virtually impossible to explain the gendered nature of crime, this being that men commit the majority of offenses whilst women commit the minority. Once the issue of crime being gendered was addressed the theories then "implied women's inferiority and tended to reinforce their subordination to men in the larger society" ."

Tags:women, gender, crime, law, stereotype, patriarch, sexist, sex

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief discussion of the background of women's entry into the legal profession, before taking in turn the main arguments presented by feminists and human and social capital theorists. Through this analysis, this paper argues that, whilst the feminist claim of institutionalised sexism does hold authority in its argument, it is not the only explanation. The writer maintains that human and social capital theories also offer explanations of contributing factors to explain the disparity between men and women in the legal profession. The writer concludes that whilst this paper finds that the feminist argument is generally supported by empirical data, it should not be taken as a clear indication of institutionalised sexism. Rather, the writer maintains that it appears that other explanations, such as those proffered by human capital and social capital theories, also contribute to explaining the marked differences between males and females in the profession.

From the Paper
"The legal profession is almost infamous for its culture of employing white, middle class men. As a traditionally male-dominated field, some branches of feminism suggest that the legal profession of today still embodies these historical roots of institutionalised sexism. It is argued by these feminists that discrimination against females is reflected in statistics detailing female career pathways, income inequalities, and workplace sexual harassment and discrimination. Conversely, supporters of human and social capital models use the same statistics to argue that sex differences in the legal profession are explained not by discrimination, but by factors including poor female academic rates, family commitments, and weak dedication to the profession."

Tags:female, discrimiation, law, occupation

Abstract
This essay examines the emerging trend and, indeed, necessity to distinguish between the two terms "gender" and "sex". It examines the introduction and usage of both terms and the subsequent historical development, including the power benefits that the biological reductionism of "sex theory" encompasses. Through specific reference to sociological schools of thought, such as structural functionalism, feminist critique, role theory, social constructionism and post-structuralist theory, an argument for the need for distinction between "gender" and "sex" is established. With references to Foucault, Derrida, and Judith Butler, this essay examines the need for a biological ("sex") and social ("gender") specificity of sexuality, proposing a conceptually accurate path forward for the future.

From the Paper
"The terms "sex role," "sex role socialization," "gender role," and the term "role" itself, have become so confused and definitionally abstract that it is often inadequate or even incorrect to use such terms. Many individuals do however. The terms "sex" and "gender" are infinitely bandied about, consistently interchanged, and often stand proxy for one another, in every imaginable discourse and social institution. This is because "sex" and gender" are the foundational concepts upon which society is built. Sex and gender is integral to every social structure, having far-reaching implications that shape individuals' opportunities for safety, employment, education, family, legal access, fecundity, knowledge production and much, much more. However, the challenge here is to understand such implications within a conceptually accurate framework. The development of sex/gender theorizing has met this challenge, and the fact that some sociologists today reject the terms "sex roles" and "sex role socialization" is a reflection of the changing and developing nature of the theoretical framework. It is only through an examination of the history of sex/gender theory however that it is possible to determine how and why these same sociologists have rejected the frameworks that they have."

Tags:biological, critique, feminist, functionalism, gender, post, reductionism, sex, structural, structuralist, theory