Abstract
The paper shows that risk-taking is something common in all of us, but the degree to which it actually motivates us, may vary from person to person. The paper explains that people take risks for different reasons: Sometimes we are simply motivated by thrill of the unknown attached with risk-taking, sometimes we take a chance just to appear different and non-conforming and yet at other times we take risks because we just have to. The paper thus divides risks into three broad categories: Responsible, calculated risks; Risks for fun and irresponsible, harmful risks.

From the Paper
"A study conducted by Beaty et al. (1996) explored the experiences of 23 female risk-takers in a city jail and discovered much to their chagrin that, "Maintaining sexual relationships with men and obtaining drugs were higher priorities for most women than protection against HIV disease." (Beaty et al., 1996) No wonder these women ended up in prison. Men and women, who lead a high-risk life where they frequently take negative irresponsible chances, end up ruining their lives. In our intimate relationships, we may often go for unprotected sex either to experience the thrill of it or simply because we are afraid to ask our partner to use condoms. Women in Beaty study are good examples of negative risk-taking and its disastrous consequences. Upon exploration of their sex life, it was discovered that these women were using sex as a tool to maintain intimate connection with their partner."

Tags:social, laws, risk-taker

Abstract
This paper attempts to explain how gender differences affect the communication process in a business context and analyzes how the problem can be solved. It discusses how, in the last decade, more females have entered the workforce than ever before and are climbing up the career ladder, prompting communication problems at all levels inside an organization.
Outline
Introduction
Gender Difference: A Context
Motivation
Perception
Attitudinal Commitment
Gender Differences in Verbal Communication
Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication
Proxemics
Use of Touch
Bridging the Gap Between Men and Women

From the Paper
"Since the last decade, the methods of acquisition and display of power for women generally has changed. As gender equality is being more emphasized, especially in business, women have found themselves in an uneasy position. Their self-perception has changed to a more masculine tradition, as the society expect women to act like men in order to compete inside organizations. Consequently, some women have learned the route to gain power and that is, to use handshake as often as men do."

Tags:communication, verbal, men, women, business

Abstract
This paper explores the impact feminism has had on criminology. The paper points out that while men are studied as non-gendered subjects, women are subject to study by virtue of their gender issues. All feminist groups believe that the main discrepancy between the sexes and the unequal distribution of power is caused by a social institution called patriarchy. The paper attempts to answer the question: Can feminist perspectives give us an insight into contemporary issues of crime and criminal justice and if so, how?

From the Paper
"Feminist criminology seeks to explain women's offending; women's victimization and women's experiences within the criminal justice system, almost all of the other prominent traditional criminological theories either ignore women's offending or relied upon stereotypes generated by men. Given this it was, and still is in some cases very difficult for a woman within the criminal justice system as this system was designed primarily around traditional criminological theories which had several inadequacies in addressing the gendered nature of crime. Traditional criminological thought was generally theorized to be gender neutral and apparently applied to both sexes equally. However this ignores the notions of masculinity and femininity imposed by everyday socialization, thus it becomes virtually impossible to explain the gendered nature of crime, this being that men commit the majority of offenses whilst women commit the minority. Once the issue of crime being gendered was addressed the theories then "implied women's inferiority and tended to reinforce their subordination to men in the larger society" ."

Tags:women, gender, crime, law, stereotype, patriarch, sexist, sex

Abstract
This essay outlines the experience of cross gendered people in both India and the West and discusses liminal aspects of cross gendered experience. The paper begins with a history of the separation of "gender" and "sex", which occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century. The use of the term "gender" as a reference for the social aspects of sex identity first occurred in the context of clinical research on intersexuality (hermaphroditism) in the 1950's. The paper then explores the issues of transgender and cross-gender in today's times, specifically focusing on India as compared to the West. The paper explains that sex and gender are currently being redefined by feminist scholars with challenges to the 'universal' sex/gender binary through cross-cultural analysis.

From the Paper
"One of the most dynamic and relevant areas in anthropology today is the field of sex and gender in anthropology, with feminist scholars redefining Western, and anthropological, sex/gender "norms" through cross-cultural analysis. "The possibility of having more than two genders was opened up by divorcing gender from sexual morphology and by associating gender rather, indeed primarily, with social role and labor tasks" (Ramet 1996: 2). While concepts of universal, male:female, sexual binaries are being called into question, cross-cultural evidence and anthropological theories are being employed in entirely new ways."

Tags:berdache, binary, oppositions, feminist, hermaphrodite, hijra, sex, sex-change, transsexual

Abstract
This paper states that there is no doubt that gender has a significant impact on the emotions of anger and fear. The paper discusses many of the studies developed to measure possible gender-related differences in the experience and are inconclusive but do establish that many of the gender differences are due to social constraints and preconceived stereotypes. The paper illustrates that anger is an emotion largely associated with males and masculinity, whereas fear and emotions associated with loss of control are more frequently associated with females.

From the Paper
"Anger is a primary human emotion that has been the focus of many studies. Whilst many methods of varying success have been used to measure anger, including facial expression, physiological changes (e.g. heart rate) and self-reporting, it is widely agreed that men and women differ both in their experience and expression of anger. Anger is largely viewed as an unpleasant or negative emotion, yet is a necessary and useful tool in the communication of thoughts and feelings to others in order to bring about some sort of change."

Tags:impact, measure, experience, constraints, preconceived, stereotypes

Abstract
This paper examines how anthropology challenges the traditional acceptance of gender roles as a necessary consequence of biological differences. It looks at how anthropological approaches to gender have participated in showing that gender roles are a social construction rather than a natural given and have also challenged the conventional ideas in regards to what is acceptable or not in terms of sexual behaviors and customs.

From the Paper
"Far from being confined to the academic sphere of the anthropological discipline, those revelations provoked major shifts in terms of power. Indeed, the reason why feminists have been so interested in anthropology is that they immediately realised the political implications of such a change in Western thinking (Nugent 2008, pp.122). For most feminist scholars, who were convinced that most societies were showing at least some degree of patriarchy - i.e. the dominance of females by male in significant spheres of life - the anthropological revelation that gender inequalities were rooted in cultural practises rather that in biological determinism was of enormous political importance, as it proved that male dominance was not inevitable (Robertson 2007, p.16). "

Tags:deviance, social, construct

Abstract
This essay examines the emerging trend and, indeed, necessity to distinguish between the two terms "gender" and "sex". It examines the introduction and usage of both terms and the subsequent historical development, including the power benefits that the biological reductionism of "sex theory" encompasses. Through specific reference to sociological schools of thought, such as structural functionalism, feminist critique, role theory, social constructionism and post-structuralist theory, an argument for the need for distinction between "gender" and "sex" is established. With references to Foucault, Derrida, and Judith Butler, this essay examines the need for a biological ("sex") and social ("gender") specificity of sexuality, proposing a conceptually accurate path forward for the future.

From the Paper
"The terms "sex role," "sex role socialization," "gender role," and the term "role" itself, have become so confused and definitionally abstract that it is often inadequate or even incorrect to use such terms. Many individuals do however. The terms "sex" and "gender" are infinitely bandied about, consistently interchanged, and often stand proxy for one another, in every imaginable discourse and social institution. This is because "sex" and gender" are the foundational concepts upon which society is built. Sex and gender is integral to every social structure, having far-reaching implications that shape individuals' opportunities for safety, employment, education, family, legal access, fecundity, knowledge production and much, much more. However, the challenge here is to understand such implications within a conceptually accurate framework. The development of sex/gender theorizing has met this challenge, and the fact that some sociologists today reject the terms "sex roles" and "sex role socialization" is a reflection of the changing and developing nature of the theoretical framework. It is only through an examination of the history of sex/gender theory however that it is possible to determine how and why these same sociologists have rejected the frameworks that they have."

Tags:biological, critique, feminist, functionalism, gender, post, reductionism, sex, structural, structuralist, theory

Abstract
This paper examines the different reactions shown by men and women as they experience emotional and sexual jealousy. The paper begins with a discussion of gender differences in general as well as defining what jealousy actually is. The paper concludes that while gender does have some effect on the person's jealous reaction, social and cultural differences have a larger influence on sexual jealousy.

From the Paper
"The psychology of gender has evolved and has been modified dramatically over the past decade from descriptive cataloguing of gender-related differences and similarities to specific areas of inquiry within organized theoretical or methodological framework. Much of the history of behavioural sciences has involved the attempt to come to grips with a dilemma of gender-determined reaction to sexual and emotional infidelity."

Tags:male, female, men, women, culture, social, marriage

Abstract
This paper argues that the way that people act out their gender is not a natural, inherent extension of their biological sex, but in accordance with the expectations imposed on them by the heterosexual model of society. The paper describes Judith Butler's theory of gender performativity and then analyses two social experiments, implementing the use of participant research observation in leisure activities in order to support its claims.

From the Paper
"The research conducted therefore concludes that men and women are not naturally gendered beings, but are yet constrained into playacting the normative conceptions of femininity and masculinity imposed on them by the hegemonic masculinity of society (Butler 2002:49). Gender performances can be observed in leisure activities (Wearing 1996:169). Both experiments found that most people accord to gender stereotypes, due to fear of not being a real man or women, because those who contest it fear becoming ostracised from society (Butler 2002:49). These experiments led to the conclusion that gender is not an inherent part of our identity, but yet based on performances (Chinn 1997:306). This was most exemplified in the way the shop assistant changed her performance towards the baby once she was informed the baby was really a he. This supports Butler's argument of gender performativity, thus further legitimising her claims (Chinn 1997:294)."

Tags:biology, heterosexual, expectations, society

Abstract
This essay outlines the way in which popular representations of sexuality (i.e., masculinity) must reproduce a specific kind of 'normal' in order to appeal to the masses. It establishes the definitions and 'appearance' of the differing types of masculinity, highlighting the nature of these as social constructs, but also the continual need and perpetuation of such constructs as natural or 'fact'. The essay highlights, through the use of two modern representations, the movie, "The Siege", and the series, "Ally McBeal", the way in which differing masculinities are unconsciously propagated in modern culture. NOTE: Hilarious use of Ally McBeal material, dialogue included in appendix.

From the Paper
"The mass media is produced and consumed in a commercial context. To reap the most financial gain it is therefore imperative that the material to be consumed is comprehensible for the intended audience. The more comprehensible and recognizable the material, the higher chances of consumption and subsequently, profit. This often means that representations of masculinity will continually reproduce the established conventions of masculine behavior and norms (Bignell 1997:196). As a result, hegemonic masculinity, which can be defined as the dominant masculinity performed at any given time, is continually reinforced as dominant and therefore reasserted as normative in society (Cheng 1999:297-301). Subsequently, marginalized masculinities, which are perceived as lacking in relation to the supremacy of hegemonic masculinity, are continually presented as subordinate and therefore remain oppressed (Buchbinder 1994: 33). In the following examination of masculine representations, two dramatizations have been analyzed for the extent to which their characters reproduce or challenge conventional masculine behavior and norms."

Tags:ally, construct, dominant, domination, film, gender, hegemonic, male, mcbeal, representation, social