Abstract
This essay examines the emerging trend and, indeed, necessity to distinguish between the two terms "gender" and "sex". It examines the introduction and usage of both terms and the subsequent historical development, including the power benefits that the biological reductionism of "sex theory" encompasses. Through specific reference to sociological schools of thought, such as structural functionalism, feminist critique, role theory, social constructionism and post-structuralist theory, an argument for the need for distinction between "gender" and "sex" is established. With references to Foucault, Derrida, and Judith Butler, this essay examines the need for a biological ("sex") and social ("gender") specificity of sexuality, proposing a conceptually accurate path forward for the future.

From the Paper
"The terms "sex role," "sex role socialization," "gender role," and the term "role" itself, have become so confused and definitionally abstract that it is often inadequate or even incorrect to use such terms. Many individuals do however. The terms "sex" and "gender" are infinitely bandied about, consistently interchanged, and often stand proxy for one another, in every imaginable discourse and social institution. This is because "sex" and gender" are the foundational concepts upon which society is built. Sex and gender is integral to every social structure, having far-reaching implications that shape individuals' opportunities for safety, employment, education, family, legal access, fecundity, knowledge production and much, much more. However, the challenge here is to understand such implications within a conceptually accurate framework. The development of sex/gender theorizing has met this challenge, and the fact that some sociologists today reject the terms "sex roles" and "sex role socialization" is a reflection of the changing and developing nature of the theoretical framework. It is only through an examination of the history of sex/gender theory however that it is possible to determine how and why these same sociologists have rejected the frameworks that they have."

Tags:biological, critique, feminist, functionalism, gender, post, reductionism, sex, structural, structuralist, theory

Abstract
This essay takes its basis from the comment of one politician regarding his "reservations" about homosexuals in the police force. It argues the moral implications of discriminating against gay men and women as projected into the greater community. Highlights outdated beliefs and humanitarian arguments.

From the Paper
"The Victorian Police Minister's comments regarding his "great reservations about gays and lesbians in our police force" has been met with public outrage. So too has the Police Force's threat to sack three police members who responded to the Police Minister's comments. However, these comments and threatened sackings have a much more widespread implication for our society than momentary outrage. They have an implication for homosexuals in our community on a whole and not just homosexuals in the police force."

Tags:argumentative, editor, homosexuality, letter

Abstract
Using Sandra Lee Bartky's theory of internalization, which is based on Michel Foucault's 'Panopticon' theory, this essay discusses quite complicated theories regarding the effect of patriarchy on a woman and her experience of her own body. This is written from a feminist perspective, but quite simply and passionately. The essay goes into much detail regarding the ways in which women internalize patriarchal standards and desires, so that women come to punish themselves for not living up to the male-imposed bodily standards of beauty. Foucault's theory of the Panopticon is only employed to demonstrate this 'internalization' process; the Panopticon is a prison where each prisoner is permanently visible. When one believes they are permanently on display, whether they are actually being watched or not, they will internalize the standards of the 'watcher' and self-monitor. This essay's contention is that the internalization of patriarchal standards of feminine beauty on women causes women much stress, pain and anxiety medically, physically and psychologically.

From the Paper
"In contemporary patriarchal society, a woman lives her body from outside-in. She is perpetually conscious of how she looks to another, because she knows she is perpetually watched by a patriarchal Other, and it becomes her duty to stand outside her own flesh and monitor her body's movements for him. A woman comes to watch herself as though she too were a patriarchal Other. She becomes both the seer and seen, the "object of desire," internalizing his values regarding her body and making them her own values about her own body. Her embodied experience will reflect this knowledge that she stands always before his gaze and under his judgment; her body is not her own. Similarly, her own sexuality is not self-defined, and she will not experience herself as beautiful or sexual unless she complies with the patriarchal ideals of feminine beauty."

Tags:anorexia, bartky, beauty, feminist, foucault, myth, panopticon, patriarchal, sexuality

Abstract
This paper examines the different reactions shown by men and women as they experience emotional and sexual jealousy. The paper begins with a discussion of gender differences in general as well as defining what jealousy actually is. The paper concludes that while gender does have some effect on the person's jealous reaction, social and cultural differences have a larger influence on sexual jealousy.

From the Paper
"The psychology of gender has evolved and has been modified dramatically over the past decade from descriptive cataloguing of gender-related differences and similarities to specific areas of inquiry within organized theoretical or methodological framework. Much of the history of behavioural sciences has involved the attempt to come to grips with a dilemma of gender-determined reaction to sexual and emotional infidelity."

Tags:male, female, men, women, culture, social, marriage

Abstract
This paper examines the sexual undertones of the two novels, showing the victorian preoccupation with homosexuality and expiation of sin. The paper shows how each novel explores homosexuality as a factor of its time and place in society. In Faulkner's novel, the idea of "coming out" as we know it is discussed, while James' novel mentions the fear and repression associated with homosexuality at the time.

From the Paper
"In the late eighteenth century, notions of modesty and propriety meant that there were few ways in which sexuality could be discussed openly in a social setting. Gothic narrative served as an outlet. In Victorian Supernatural fiction, the anxieties surrounding homosexuality is a very prominent theme. However, due to the cultural status of homosexuality as taboo, the subject is heavily veiled in literature. In John Mead Faulkner's "The Lost Stradivarius," the story appears to be about a young man's obsession with a wonderful musical instrument and a particular piece of music. Through carefully disguised metaphor's, the story conveys pertinent information regarding the reception of homosexuality in England during the Victorian period. Similarly, Henry James' psychological tale, "The Turn of the Screw" subtly deals with homosexuality as taboo, and elucidates the repercussions of sexual deviance in children."

Tags:decadence, decay, ghost, john, lost, spectres, stradivarius, turn, violin

Abstract
This paper explores how different religions approach matters of sexuality in what are often radically different directions. The paper begins by comparing eastern and western, Christian and other religions. Early in its history, Christian doctrine adopted a position where sex was intrinsically linked with sin. However, in India, traditions of religious tolerance ensured the links between sexuality and religion were kept alive. The end result of Eastern and Western traditional attitudes towards sexuality and spiritualism are expressed in the attitudes and tolerances of the people living in those societies. While the Hindu tradition ensures a dynamic religious experience, accepting, indeed demanding input and change, the Christian Church continues to cling onto ancient ideals put in place at a time when social control was sought and social cohesion required.

From the Paper
"Attitudes towards sexuality vary widely across different religious traditions, these variations in attitude being particularly evident when comparing Western Christianity with Eastern religious traditions embodied in Hinduism. There is a fundamental connection between religion and sexuality, however this connection is often hidden under layers of doctrine and is therefore not always clear. Different religions approach matters of sexuality in what are often radically different directions. In this essay, I will outline the similarities and differences in attitudes towards sexuality in these two religious traditions, Christianity and Hinduism, the history behind and reasons for these attitudes, and lastly, I will look at the effects these attitudes have on people who live under and adhere to those religious traditions."

Tags:catholic, hindu, paedophile, priests, sin, tantric

From the Paper
"Rock recordings and performances since the 1950s have been essentially about freedom and sex. The main derivative source, the blues and rhythm and blues, has always been essentially about freedom and sex. So how does rock portray sex? It is portrayed in all forms, in all deviations, in all fetish manifestations. In the pantheon of song characters and, indeed in the rock world itself, there are cross-dressers, homosexuals, transvestites, prostitutes, groupies and toyboys. There is bondage, incest, one night stands as well as love and marriage. It is all there and more. Yet there is a constant battle among critics and observers that has raged since rock's beginnings about how gender and sexuality is and should be portrayed. Generally, Rock and Roll tends to polarize opinion and has a tendency to push even the most objective observer into fits of subjective raving."

Tags:blues, cock, contemporary, evolution, feminine, grrrl, music, pop, riot, rock

Abstract
This essay outlines the way in which popular representations of sexuality (i.e., masculinity) must reproduce a specific kind of 'normal' in order to appeal to the masses. It establishes the definitions and 'appearance' of the differing types of masculinity, highlighting the nature of these as social constructs, but also the continual need and perpetuation of such constructs as natural or 'fact'. The essay highlights, through the use of two modern representations, the movie, "The Siege", and the series, "Ally McBeal", the way in which differing masculinities are unconsciously propagated in modern culture. NOTE: Hilarious use of Ally McBeal material, dialogue included in appendix.

From the Paper
"The mass media is produced and consumed in a commercial context. To reap the most financial gain it is therefore imperative that the material to be consumed is comprehensible for the intended audience. The more comprehensible and recognizable the material, the higher chances of consumption and subsequently, profit. This often means that representations of masculinity will continually reproduce the established conventions of masculine behavior and norms (Bignell 1997:196). As a result, hegemonic masculinity, which can be defined as the dominant masculinity performed at any given time, is continually reinforced as dominant and therefore reasserted as normative in society (Cheng 1999:297-301). Subsequently, marginalized masculinities, which are perceived as lacking in relation to the supremacy of hegemonic masculinity, are continually presented as subordinate and therefore remain oppressed (Buchbinder 1994: 33). In the following examination of masculine representations, two dramatizations have been analyzed for the extent to which their characters reproduce or challenge conventional masculine behavior and norms."

Tags:ally, construct, dominant, domination, film, gender, hegemonic, male, mcbeal, representation, social

Abstract
This paper begins by defining jealousy as a negative, complex human emotion that represents a provoked response to problems posed by real and/or perceived threats to an exclusive dyadic relationship. It is most commonly associated with long-term romantic relationships and sexual relationships. The paper then looks at the different experiences of men and women in dealing with jealousy within relationships and with other people. The paper references two theories, known as evolutionary-psychological and socio-cultural in studying and understanding this phenomenom.

From the Paper
"The psychology of gender has evolved and has been modified dramatically over the past decade from descriptive cataloguing of gender-related differences and similarities to specific areas of inquiry within organized theoretical or methodological framework. Much of the history of behavioural sciences has involved the attempt to come to grips with a dilemma of gender-determined reaction to sexual and emotional infidelity."

Tags:anger, emotion, relationship, sex

Abstract
This paper discusses how "Thelma and Louise" strayed from the typical "road movie" formula in terms of casting, theme and storyline. It shows how the film not only helped to redefine gender stereotypes but also paved the way for other women, as well as gays, people of color and other traditionally underrepresented groups, to become "road movie heroes" as well.

From the Paper
"The conventional road movie twosome, which is usually comprised of either two young males or a male and female with a romantic connection, has permeated the genre since its inception. Thelma and Louise broke that tradition by not only using two female protagonists, but by portraying men in a consistently negative light; essentially as either "rapists", "bullies" or "boy toys"."

Tags:action, adventure, film, gender, roles, theme, gay, color