Abstract
This paper discusses the genetic engineering field of reprogenetics. It covers the history and overview of biotechnology, reprogenetics current practices (from IVF to amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling) as well as potential future possibilities as well as bioethics and its implications on society.

Outline
Introduction
Biotechnology: Overview and History
Introduction to Reprogenetics
Current Practices of Reprogenetics
The Future of Reprogenetics
Bioethics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The future of Reprogenetics is based around Genetic Engineering of the Germline (Silver, 2000). This essentially refers to the art of modifying or adding to, the embryo, any gene imaginable and any number of genes. Genetic Engineering of the Germline would allow parents to basically design their offspring, from physical characteristics to mental capacity, realising the concept of 'designer babies'. This technology has been used with increasing efficiency on mice, pigs and sheep. However, not until recently has it been considered possible to apply it to humans. This was largely due to quite a low success rate combined with ethical questions. Powerful new modification and screening technologies could allow scientists to overcome this low success rate. The question of ethics however, may remain indefinitely."

Tags:amniocentesis, bioethics, biotechnology, cloning, eugenics, ivf

Abstract
This paper looks at stem cell research using embryos. The author discusses the benefits of this type of research such as combating disease in the future. The author argues in favor of this type of research as he believes that this is a breaking step for medicine and provides counter-active arguments for the immorality and illegitimacy that is attached to embryo research.

From the Paper
"Since the dawn of mankind, humans have struggled to understand how and when life begins. Through countless developments in science and medicine, a much clearer understanding of the origin of life exists, as well as how the body itself works. Scientists of today have observed, in test tubes, the very first stages of life. And now scientists have discovered a new way to harness their knowledge of the origins of life in a way that promises to revolutionize medicine forever. Stem cell research is itself still in its infancy. In 1998, scientists at the University of Wisconsin and at Johns Hopkins University isolated and successfully cultured human pluripotent stem cells for the first time ever ("Fact Sheet"). These cells possess the potential to develop into nearly any type of cell in the body, including muscle, nervous, bone, blood, or skin."

Tags:baby, catholic, cell, church, clinic, clone, cloning, dna, doctor, embryonic, engineering, fertility, genes, genetic, health, human, moral, morality, pope, president, religion, research, scientist, sin, stem

From the Paper
"In 1952, frogs were the first animals to be successfully cloned, but society yawned, barely noticing, this significant scientific milestone or its future implications. July 1997 provided living proof of the first mammal (sheep), named "Dolly" ever cloned from a single adult cell. Scientists in the U.K and Japan claim to have cloned pigs and bulls. Japanese researchers have actually grown in test tubes the eyes and ears of a frog using its own embryo cells. The reality of human cloning is now but a scientific inch away from permanently altering how humanity values itself. "

Tags:bioethics, genetics, science, ethics

Abstract
This paper argues that hybrids are a more possible than not solution for the future. It explains how they offer many unique features including a better fuel economy and cleaner emissions. This contributes to the hybrids' growing popularity and, as a consequence, major automakers are producing their own hybrid models which include sedans, trucks and SUVs. The writer states that currently, these vehicles are more realistic than using fuel cells or diesel. The writer summarizes by claiming that all of these reasons point to the conclusion of hybrids as a definite part in the future of cars.

From the Paper
""If everyone in the US drove a hybrid instead of a traditional car, we could save roughly 1.6 billion barrels of oil a year" (Mihm 1). In the quest for cheaper gasoline and a cleaner environment, the one answer that comes to mind is the hybrid. The hybrid, a gasoline-electric car, seems to be the solution for the future. With lower emissions and better fuel economy, hybrids are thrilling consumers and environmentalists. Because of the unique features of these cars and its popularity among owners, several major automakers are following Toyota and Honda by producing their own hybrid model. This is starting a hybrid revolution whether it's for a sedan, SUV, or truck. With other fuel options such as diesel, all-electric, and fuel cells falling short, hybrids may have a secure spot in our future."

Tags:energy

Abstract
This paper takes three different forms of transport, the aXcess car, the Millennium Train and the PRST-4 Mountain Bike and analyzes how they work together with comprehensive pictures and diagrams. For each method of transformation it gives an overview and looks at the workings of the wheels, frame, body and brakes. It then proceeds to compare and contrast the differences between the wheels, frame, body and brakes in the different modes of transport. It concludes with a look at the process of forming for bike and car tires.

From the Paper
"The forming of a polyurethane micro cellular bike tyre (such as Urethon's tyres which are puncture proof and can be recycled) begins by metering a specially formulated liquid consisting of polyurethane, polyol and, isocyanate components in a high pressure-metering cylinder type polyurethane dispensing machine. The liquid then passes through an impingement chamber into a mould (a polyurethane elastomer, manufactured by casting a specially formulated polyurethane into different tyre sized aluminium moulds), which is designed to have different tread rings fitted, with nylon cord for reinforcement of the tyre pre fitted (the cord stops the tyre slipping from the wheel rim). The mould is then clamped to a centrifugal casting machine, which spins the moulds at between 200-400rpm."

Tags:millenium, train, mountain, bike, aXcess, car

Abstract
Discusses an experiment of the shielding of radiation. The experiment uses fluid flow measurements and the method of continuous flow to determine the coefficient of viscosity. Includes the calculations and results of the said experiment as well as diagrams. Discusses the conclusions and several human errors that happened when carrying out the experiment.

From the Paper
"There are two different ways water can flow this can be either streamline or turbulent. When a liquid has a streamline its particles flow in regular and smooth paths called streamlines. In this type of motion the viscous drag opposing the flow is proportional to the average velocity of the liquid. In turbulent flow, the particles have irregular motion therefore the viscous drag is proportional to the square of the velocity. "

Tags:experiment, physics, practical, report, shielding, nuclear, oscillation, spring, constant, spiral

Abstract
The following paper aims to find the force required to move blocks of different weights across different surfaces, thus finding a value for friction and comparing the results with that of a textbook and recording any differences. The conclusion found in this paper is that friction is directly proportional to the weight force applied and is measured in terms of the coefficient of friction, represented by the Greek letter mu (m).

From the Paper
"The coefficient of friction is the ratio of the frictional force present and the normal reaction to the mating surfaces and is represented as,
m = Ff - Rn
Rn = Normal reaction, weight force
Fn = Frictional force
But may also be worked out by dividing the force required in Kg by the weight of the object. Eg the force required to move a 25Kg object is 5Kg so to work out the coefficient of the object we would divide 5 by 25 to give a coefficient of 0.2.
Because of this the surface area of the block is independent to that of the coefficient and is not needed when determining a value for friction.
The coefficient of wood against wood is 0.35 giving a relatively low value for friction whereas rubber against concrete is 0.8 meaning it would be hard to slide rubber on concrete. The coefficient can be greatly reduced if a lubricant of some sort is applied in between the surfaces as it forms a layer preventing the bumps on the surfaces rubbing together making it easier to slide the objects past each other."

Tags:equipment, human, error, molecule

Abstract
This paper examines how the Snowy Mountains hydro-electric scheme was Australia?s largest engineering project ever and how it took 25 years to build with strong multi-cultural work force that included thirty different countries, some being European immigrants made homeless by the Second World War. Its purpose was to divert the largely untapped waters of the Snowy and Tumit into the Murrumbidgee River.

Outline
Introduction
What was the Lead Up to the Snowy Hydroelectric Scheme?
Why Can the Snowy Mountain Hydroelectric Scheme be Considered Such a Success?

From the Paper
"For many years during the dry farmers looked up to the snow capped mountains and watched much of the Snowy and other rivers flow, unexploited into the oceans but it was not until 1944 that the idea of a irrigation/power scheme was viably put forward. Later on in 1947 the Commonwealth, New South Wales and Victorian Governments formed a technical committee to explore viable uses for the Snowy River. In 1949 the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Power Act formed a Snowy Mountains Authority, which was put in charge of the daunting task of designing, building and running a duel Power and Irrigation project."

Tags:immigrants, murrumbidgee, river, wwII

Abstract
This document is comprised of case studies of two autonomous robot projects, namely Frank Scott's Hexapod Robots, and MIT's Robot Ant Colony. Each case study describes the behaviour each robot exhibits, and technical information on how this behaviour is executed including mechanical parts, digital circuitry and programming techniques. The case studies are followed by a discussion of embodied cognition, and how the above robots' actions can be explained in terms of embodied cognition. It also discusses emergent phenomenon, both in nature and artificially intelligent robots.

From the Paper
"The Rodney series of robots refers to a group of three six-legged autonomous robots whose design is based upon Rodney Brooks' subsumption architecture. Rodney 3 is the most refined and recent robot. It supersedes both Rodney 1 & 2 and for this reason will be the focus of this summary. Rodney 3 is designed to operate in an environment featuring a slightly uneven surface that may be interrupted by many small obstacles and an occasional large obstacle, e.g. a pebbled track with the odd large stone or similar obstacle. The robot's task is to climb over the smaller objects, and to avoid objects that are too large to climb over. To achieve the climbing action, all six legs must be able to operate independently of each other. The robot travels forward in a straight line until a large object is encountered. To avoid the object, it must reverse a few steps, shift its direction and continue its forward motion."

Tags:Robotics, artificial, artificially, cognition, cognitive, embedded, emergence, emergent, intelligence, intelligent, processors, science, technology

Abstract
This paper employs a critical review of the body of literature, original research synthesis to determine if indeed a causal relationship can be found between the production of nuclear energy and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. An exhaustive statistical regression analysis illustrates that the relationship between the aforementioned variables is not significant and thus, that the hypothesis of correlation and causation cannot be confirmed. However, the paper goes on to provide evidence to suggest correlation between the proliferation of nuclear weapons and other factors such as global military tensions and certain categories of world events. The paper includes graphs and tables.

Paper Outline:

Literature Review
Proposal
Data Sources
Data Analysis
Results and Interpretation
Discussion
Conclusion
Reference List

From the Paper
"The body of literature is generally in concessus with regard to the link between the production of nuclear energy and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. There is, however, disagreement over the method by which nuclear weapons and materials are spread. Some argue that terrorist organisations and rogue states are able to acquire enriched uranium from nuclear waste deposits. Others claim that these parties are more likely to invest in nuclear energy technology as a means of acquiring nuclear weapons while other still claim that the link between these two factors in negligible or non existent. "

Tags:cold, war, energy, korea, npt, reactor, terrorism