Abstract
This paper shows that Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan and Korea have been identified as the five best performing Asian economies, having grown twice as fast as other East Asian economies since the 1960's - 1980's. This essay identifies and discusses a range of reasons for the rapid economic growth rates of the economies of these countries. Arguments are supported by statements by different economists and statistical tables.

From the Paper
"At the end of World War II, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore were war-shattered, largely resource-poor areas with rapidly growing populations and very low living standards. By the 1980s, Japan had become one of the world's richest countries and the others had achieved or were approaching income levels of developed nations (FCJ Editors, 1998). South Korea has jumped from being a developing nation to the status of advanced industrial nation. South Korea and Taiwan have recently made the leap to democracy. Hong Kong, probably the most freewheeling economic region in the world, was incorporated into the People's Republic of China on July 1, 1997. Singapore is an economic leader of all of South East Asia."

Tags:gdp, macroeconomic, recession

Abstract
This paper examines the post-war international monetary system, which was introduced to deal with the shortcomings of a freely fluctuating exchange rates regime. It starts by presenting the history of the Bretton Woods System (BWS) and its features. The paper then outlines the pre-requisites for the BWS to operate. A series of events that led to the collapse of the BWS are also studied alongside its inherent defect (the 'n'th country problem).

From the Paper
"As early as 1942, the Americans and British shared common ground on international monetary matters. They were opposed to a system of freely fluctuating exchange rates, which they judged to have had adverse effects on the world economies on two counts, in the years immediately after World War I and in the 1930s when the Great Depression set in. They were also opposed to a system of absolutely fixed exchange rates. In addition, there was also a common view that unregulated and competitive trade restrictions were not beneficial to the international community. By contrast, both countries agreed that countries should be free to control certain capital transfers especially those of a short-term nature."

Tags:bancor, exchange, keynes, marshall, maynard

Abstract
This paper seeks to examine and analyze the causes of the Asian financial crisis and their effects. It evaluates the impact of such factors as currency overvaluation and debt liquidity on the extent of the bubble collapse. It also looks at the exasperation of the crisis by sovereign and IMF intervention and seeks to explain the ramifications of the crisis at a sovereign and domestic firm-based level.

From the Paper
"Currency overvaluation severely affected the Asian nations when combined with the precarious use of debt. The prolific use of foreign currency denominated debt within Asian was only tenable in conjunction with a stable exchange rate. Here, however, despite little rise in real exchange rate, the long run growth rate of Asian countries such as Thailand did not match that of the $US - indicating currency overvaluation. Following the depreciation of the Baht other Asian currencies depreciated due to export competitiveness- an example of contagion . The currency devaluation made it more difficult to make payments in other currencies, thus non-performing loans increased. The foreign currency risk adopted by Asian countries was compounded by liquidity risk."

Tags:debt, exchange, financial, foreign, illiquidity, imf, liberalization

Abstract
This paper deals with a general explanation of monetary policy and in what situations expansionary monetary policy should be used. This is further discussed by involving the role of interest rates and economic strength of the country, relating to most recent statistics.

From the Paper
"Monetary policy is the "attempt to moderate the business cycle and control inflation by changing the quantity of money in circulation to change interest rates" (McTaggart et al, 1999: 27.2). In another words, it is the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA)'s attempt to change the quantity of money and interest rates so as to affect aggregate demand and, ultimately, equilibrium real GDP and the price level. McDonald defines monetary policy as the government's policy on setting the level of the money supply (1996: 149)."

Tags:aggregate, australia, bank, cash, contractionary, decline, demand, economy, equilibrium, expansionary, flow, government, inflation, interest, monetary, money, policy, rate, rates, rba, recession, reserve, supply, usa

Abstract
This paper discusses the several factors responsible for the economic slowdown in South East Asian countries in recent years, including headings like the Asian Crisis and the Second World Economic Crisis. Graphs. There are statistics cited throughout the paper to support and balance the discussion.

From the Paper
"The East Asian economic miraculous growth since the 1980s has came to an abrupt end with the Asian financial crisis from 1997 to 1998 (Cheong, 2001), and it has contributed significantly to the slowdown of Japan and the four Asian Tigers. There are several factors that led to the Asian Crisis in July 1997. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) (1999), the difficulties that East Asian countries faced were not primarily the result of macroeconomic imbalances. Rather, these stemmed from weaknesses in their financial systems and governance. Most were having budget surpluses, external surpluses, but low inflation. The maintenance of relatively fixed exchange rates led banks and corporations to borrow large amounts of international capital, much of it short-term, that are denominated in foreign currency, and unhedged. Also, as the contagion spread to Korea, the world's eleventh largest economy, the possibility of a default by Korea raised a potential threat to the international monetary system (IMF, 1999)."

Tags:economy, gdp, growth, hong, imf, international, japan, kong, korea, monetary, rate, singapore, system, unemployment

Abstract
This papers discusses current key macroeconomic issues (with examples) in Australia today. It covers issues such as current account balance, employment rate, globalization, and economic growth. Evidence and recent statistics have been used to support the arguments. The second part of the paper examines the meaning and three different kinds of macroeconomic equilibrium conditions.

From the Paper
"There are many macroeconomic issues and challenged faced by Australia today. One of the current key macroeconomic challenges is the improvement of the current account balance. According to Taylor & Moosa, current account balance is the "value of exports minus the value of imports plus net factor income from abroad plus net transfers abroad" (2000: 425). In most recent years, Australia has had both a trade deficit and a current account deficit. The trend estimate of the current account balance was a deficit of $5,118m in December 2001 (ABS, 2001). A current account deficit means Australians receive fewer payments than they make to other countries. That is, payments to Australia for exports plus factor payments and transfer payments to Australia were less than payments by Australians for imports plus factor payments and transfer payment to other countries. If Australians receive less than they pay, then they must borrow from overseas, or equivalently, foreigners must increase their net assets in Australia."

Tags:aggregate, asia, curve, debt, demand, economy, export, external, gdp, import, price, supply, unemployment

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief description of the country of South Korea, including area size, population, culture, economy and neighbouring regions. The paper then continues with a discussion of the impact of globalisation on South Korea and the part South Korea plays in the global economy. The writer comments on the overall effects of South Korea's relationship with its northern adversary, North Korea and how this impacts on the globalisation of its economy.

From the Paper
"South Korea is found on the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, sharing its only border with North Korea. Other neighbours are Japan, 200 kilometres across Korea Strait, as well as China and Russia only a few hundred kilometres to its north. South Korea's total land area is 98,190 sq km and total population of 48,289,037. Its natural resources include coal, tungsten, graphite, molybdenum, lead, hydropower potential, and Korea makes $172.6 Billion from exports and spends $160.5 Billion on Imports."

Tags:economic, international, north, communism

Abstract
This paper relates that, as this Flying Geese pattern of development progresses, countries in the Asian region become more and more integrated and interdependent. The author states that the Flying Geese model describes how industry passes through five stages: Introduction, import substitution, export, mature and reverse-import stages. The paper concludes that the significance of Flying Geese model in East Asia's economic development is declining in recent time as high technology is introduced and globalization takes place. Tables.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Meaning of Flying Geese Model
Evidences of Flying Geese Pattern Development in East Asia.
Significance of Flying Geese Hypothesis in East Asia Economic Development.
High Inflows of FDI and Export Expansion
International Economic Development.
Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade Pattern.
Regional Integration
Declining Significance of Flying Geese Model in Recent Time
Conclusion

From the Paper
"When reaching export stage, the growth of domestic demand will decline. Exports of the product have begun to increase and imports decline. The strong exports enable the country to import capital goods for continued expansion of production. Inward FDI becomes significant as the same industry in the advanced countries has lost its comparative advantage and has to relocate to developing countries. As the industry gets into its mature stage, production slows down due to increasing costs and intensified competition from late-starting countries."

Tags:interdependent, substitution, export, technology, globalization

Abstract
This essay focuses on the Australian International Trade: The External Policy. It contains researched materials about:
(1) the constraints on Australian exports; (2) future exports growth; (3) the costs associated with imports (fully explained); (4) imports that could be produced in Australia; and (5) the effects of Australian businesses pushing to market their products. This essay also outlines the problems Australia faces in terms of international trade, and the effects it has on the Current Account Deficit (CAD). It also has some well-researched forecasts as to the exports that can and will be increased and the imports that can be reduced.

Tags:exports, imports, international, trade, business, deficit

Abstract
A study into why certain Asia-Pacific countries such as Cambodia fail to reach long-term economic growth and an explanation of the conditions and policies needed in an economic climate to achieve this growth.
The paper covers the following topics:
Preconditions for faster economic growth
Policies for faster economic growth
Asia Pacific LDCs (Least Developed Countries) & Cambodia
The paper is filled with examples and recent statistics of countries including USA, Australia, Taiwan, Europe, Japan, Cambodia, and Asia-Pacific LDCs in general.

From the Paper
"According to McTaggart et al, there are several pre-conditions for economic growth. One of which is the existence of an institutional framework that is crucial to the creation of incentives. This institutional framework included markets (supply and demand), property rights, facilities for monetary exchange, as well as simple and transparent regulatory systems (1999: 32.7). Market prices send signals to buys and sellers that create incentives to increase or decrease the quantities demanded and supplied. Markets also enable people to specialize and trade and to save and invest. Property rights are the social arrangements that govern the ownership, use and disposal of factors of production and goods and services (McTaggart et al, 1999:32.17). They include the rights to physical property, to financial property and to intellectual property. The existence of property rights and their enforcement by the law provide people with certainty in their business dealings and hence they help provide macroeconomic stability and a pre-condition for growth."

Tags:deficit, economy, europe, exchange, export, foreign, free, import, market, policy, price, regulatory, system, taiwan, trade, world