Abstract
This paper looks at the issues relating to ethical conduct by law enforcement officials, including the basic concepts, ethical behavior and its motivation, ethical decision making, and finally, the impact of unethical conduct on effective law enforcement.

Contents
Basic Concepts of Law Enforcement Ethics
Ethical Behavior
Motivation for Ethical Behavior
Ethical Decision Making
The Effects of Unethical Behavior
Annotated Bibliography

From the Paper
"Certain guidelines are also in place in order to ensure ethical behavior. Firstly law enforcement officials should ensure that they are acting within the rule of law as prevalent during the specific time period in which they operate (Alderson, 1979, p. 15). Secondly the internal rules of policing should also be followed in order to ensure correct conduct. If these rules are followed effectively, it should be evident in the absence of crime (Chu, 2001, p. 24). Police officers are however not only dependent on themselves for their ability to effectively perform their duties. The public also plays a substantial role in terms of their approval of the existence, actions and behavior of the law enforcement agency."

Tags:police, crime, legal, abuse, violence

Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the merits of public and private prisons, identifying the challenges each sector faces and the relative merits of each approach to incarceration.

From the Paper
"A major shift in prison administration is the move made in many locales toward privatization described by the Alabama Policy Institute as a result of the dramatic increase in the number of individuals incarcerated ..."

Tags:prisons, privatization

Abstract
Discusses pros and cons of privitization of prison facilities. Evaluates issues and trends such as cost efficiency, rights of the individual, government monitoring but not operating prisons. Cites supporters of privitization arguments including reduction of cost of incarceration to governments, improved quality of services, better accountability, less bureaucracy. Arguments cited against privitization include potential for abuse of prisoner's rights by private sector, for-profit businesses and that privately run prisons are not as cost effective as claimed. Discusses privitization in several states.

From the Paper
"Evaluation of Prison Privatization


Privatization is increasingly at the forefront of every discussion in American life that deals with the cost efficiency of government. At the state, county, and even local levels, the privatization of prison facilities has become a major area for outsourcing opportunity. The privatization of prisons is touted by its supporters as reducing the cost of incarceration to governments. It is also criticized by its opponents as potentially reducing government control over prison system inmates and processes while potentially ushering in an opportunity for the abuse of prisoners? rights at the hands of private sector, for-profit business entities (Metzgar, 1999). It is the purpose of this report to evaluate issues relevant to and trends in prison privatization, highlighting the pros and..."

Abstract
The paper brings to light many theories on life and death and the good of the the whole versus the good of an individual to attempt to understand the practice of capital punishment. The writer looks at sources that defend capital punishment, opposing them with statistics that claim that incarceration is no more expensive than execution. In summary, the writer finds that Americans are split on whether or not they support capital punishment.

From the Paper
"Criminal punishment is justified by one of two competing moral theories. Utilitarianism, which seeks to maximize happiness for all, justifies criminal punishment on one of three goals: general deterrence, specific deterrence, and rehabilitation. Each will theoretically reduce crime. General deterrence holds that criminals are punished because "it is believed that [their] punishment will cause other people to forgo criminal conduct in the future" (Dressler 5)."

Tags:execution, incarceration, criminal, humane, prison

Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that until there is a united international criminal law and cooperation between law enforcement agencies to help stem international supply, drugs will continue to be a problem. The writer argues that drugs should be legalized and maintains that decriminalization could gain greater control. Further, the writer proposes various steps that need to be taken in order to combat the problem of drugs.


Outline:
Normalize the User, Not the Use?
AFP Initiatives Aimed at Curbing the Supply
Catching the Big Fish Doesn't Change the Diet
A Systematic Approach

From the Paper
"Often when we talk of decriminalization of drugs it sparks outrage and gives the impression that we will contribute to the expansion of drug culture to the point of them becoming as common in mainstream society as cigarettes. There is also the fear that those who are using drugs will continue their addiction and not receive help. But decriminalization is not a one-way street, and rather than a loss of control it is often aimed at gaining greater control. Instead of banning drugs, and going to war against drug use, time, resources and money should be spent on research, treatment and prevention. In order to do that we have to bring the affliction up to the surface rather than blindly fighting the underworld it stems from. In order to take a closer look, we have to give those who use drugs a closer look. Only then can we begin to alter their life-cycle which in turn will reduce the demand for drugs in our society. And only then can the drug trade fall by the waste side where it belongs."

Tags:drugs, illegal, drug, trade, illicit, drugs, ecstasy, amphetamines, legalize

Abstract
This paper discusses the The Witness Security Program (WITSEC) which was created in the 1970s to protect, relocate, and provide new identities to witnesses of dangerous crimes. It examines how witness protection is one of the most useful and effective law enforcement tools that can be used in the fight against crime and in particular organized crime. It provides a definition of who is eligible for protection and the requirements to enter the program.

Outline:
History of Organized Crime in the U.S. (1850-1950)
History of Organized Crime in the U.S. (1950-Present)
The Witness Protection Program
Eligibility and Requirements for Induction into the Witness Protection Program
Witness Protection Programs in the World
Successes of the Witness Protection Program
The Downside of the Witness Protection Program
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Many countries around the world have a witness protection program. In most cases, the witnesses are for drug, International Criminal Tribunal cases and criminal related charges. United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Italy, Germany and the Netherlands are some of the countries that have a witness protection program. The United States, Canada and Australia have legislature for formal protection programs and dedicated officials who are involved in the program. In the United Kingdom, however, the local police are charged with the protection of the witnesses. The police rely on trained officers to provide witness ad hoc support. In Germany, there are no specific legal provisions to protect witnesses against organized crime."

Tags:drugs, law, enforcement

Abstract
Police conduct and accountability continue to remain important ongoing issues for the reason that, regardless of how many commissions there may be to overlook conduct within the force, there will always be "rotten apples" that carry on conducting themselves in unaccepted and unethical ways. This paper discusses police conduct and accountability issues, with a focus on analyzing strategies designed to maximize ethical conduct and prevent corruption. The paper discusses everything from what types of corruption police are involved in, and how the organization can design strategies to prevent any further deviance from the force.

From the Paper
"Brutality is any type of excessive force or unjustified violence that takes place by an officer doing their work (Prenzler and Ransley: 2002). Not only does brutality include physical abuse, verbal abuse and threat making are also included under the heading of brutality. Normally it is a police officer's job to use a "reasonable" and "proportionate" amount of force when making arrests or stopping violent protests; it is when the violence or abuse becomes excessive does there become a problem, and ultimately a betrayal of trust against the community and the police force."

Tags:deviance, reform, ethics, misconduct

Abstract
This paper goes into great detail describing the different murders committed by Jack the Ripper in the Whitechapel district of London between August and November of 1888. It discusses the cruel methods he used to kill his victims and how he used to taunt the police by leaving notes about the crime. It discusses how the fact that he was never caught by police, tormented the citizens of London for many years after the crimes stopped.

From the Paper
"Few other criminals have ever gained the notoriety that Jack the Ripper had. Not only did he become famous as one of the most dangerous and elusive murderers that London had ever seen, but he affected the way the people of London lived their lives for quite some time. When Jack the Ripper had extended his reign to a period of time that became uncomfortable, the British crown and the Parliament stepped in to find Jack the Ripper and to stop his killings. Who he was and why he did the things he did were very important concerns for Parliament, as was the effect that his killings had on the women of London. Many people became distrustful of strangers, and the fear instilled in the hearts of the London townspeople remained there for a very long time. Unfortunately, Jack the Ripper was not someone who was easily captured, and although he to haunt to the police and left them notes, he was never captured. The case remains unsolved, and it has become fodder for many books and movies (Barbee, 2003)."

Tags:murder, rape, prostitute

Abstract
This paper begins by addressing the question of whether a B.A. degree should be a prerequisite for promotion in the criminal justice field (law enforcement). It then examines the advantages vs. disadvantages of distance learning in law enforcement. The paper then moves to the sensitive issue of racial profiling in the criminal justice field, as opposed to the civilian world. The writer concludes with a discussion workplace motivation in a law enforcement agency.

From the Paper
"Many would argue that practical learning and field experience is more valuable and practical than a baccalaureate degree in any field for a promotion. The reasoning behind this relates to the idea that practical experience is by far more valuable than classroom experience. Research proves that many a CEO and President of a company or law enforcement agency in fact gained the majority of their experience from on the job training or life experience, not a classroom environment. However, what of a Baccalaureate Degree? Do such candidates truly have an advantage over others in any field?"

Tags:law, enforcement, distance, learning, racial, profiling

Abstract
This paper looks at the normal/pathological debate about criminal offenders to try to conclude whether or not criminal offenders have underlying mental issues or just commit crimes based on their environment and lifestyles.

From the Paper
"The question of whether offenders are mad or bad and the normal/pathological debate is one that runs rife throughout not only the psychological community, but also society as a whole. To understand and decide whether or not offenders are mad or just plain bad, the defining of the terms "normal" and "pathological" and the basic outline of the debate is imperative. The psychological definition of pathological is to relate to, or manifest behaviors that are habitual, maladaptive and compulsive and on the other hand normal is defined as functioning in a natural manner, with no observable abnormalities (The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary: 2002). The basics of this debate in relation to criminal offenders is that genetics influence criminal behavior and therefore cause pathological behavior (Lefton, L.A:1979), that crime is a result of a disfunctioning biological systems involving physiological, biochemical, neurological and environmental factors, (Vold, Bernard and Snipes: ) and the theory that mental illness played a huge part in why criminals offend (Lefton, L.A:1979). On the other hand, moral development theorists view crime as normal and that a person's moral development will determine what crime they will commit and what excuses they will use for the crime (Thornton, D: 1987). However with a strong debate towards the relationship between pathological behavior and crime, there is no other possibility to consider than that individuals offend due to pathological influences and are in fact mad with deeper psychological roots, rather than just bad and a normal member of society."

Tags:mental, hospitals, compulsive, damaging, behaviour, multiple, murderers, developmental, years