Abstract
Police conduct and accountability continue to remain important ongoing issues for the reason that, regardless of how many commissions there may be to overlook conduct within the force, there will always be "rotten apples" that carry on conducting themselves in unaccepted and unethical ways. This paper discusses police conduct and accountability issues, with a focus on analyzing strategies designed to maximize ethical conduct and prevent corruption. The paper discusses everything from what types of corruption police are involved in, and how the organization can design strategies to prevent any further deviance from the force.

From the Paper
"Brutality is any type of excessive force or unjustified violence that takes place by an officer doing their work (Prenzler and Ransley: 2002). Not only does brutality include physical abuse, verbal abuse and threat making are also included under the heading of brutality. Normally it is a police officer's job to use a "reasonable" and "proportionate" amount of force when making arrests or stopping violent protests; it is when the violence or abuse becomes excessive does there become a problem, and ultimately a betrayal of trust against the community and the police force."

Tags:deviance, reform, ethics, misconduct

Abstract
This paper takes a look at three major police commissions of inquiry into the New South Wales police service during the 20th century: the commission into aboriginal deaths in custody, the Commission into the Inquiry of the NSW police administration, also known as the Fitzgerald report, and the Wood Royal commission. The recommendations of these reports are discussed, including whether or not these recommendations were implemented.

From the Paper
"Three major commissions of the twentieth century have been the commission into aboriginal deaths in custody, the Commission into the Inquiry of the NSW police administration, also known as the Fitzgerald report, and the Wood Royal commission. These commissions have made many different recommendations pertaining to particular matters. These recommendations are implemented in order to reform existing practices and to transform them into practices that are to be acceptable to both government, community and all other parties involved. Various recommendations that have been made regarding these issues have had a central focus and common ground. Although these recommendations are issued, there is no guarantee that government will implement these recommendations and other recommendations that have been implemented are often not sustained in both legislature and other bodies. Some recommendations require legislative change and some can be applied very quickly while others require more time in order to change laws and acts. It is the government's onus to implement these recommendations. Numerous recommendations arising from these commissions are undesirable to the government, so the adoption of these recommendations is often slow or they are not adopted at all."

Tags:comparison, implementation, recommendations

Abstract
This paper goes into great detail describing the different murders committed by Jack the Ripper in the Whitechapel district of London between August and November of 1888. It discusses the cruel methods he used to kill his victims and how he used to taunt the police by leaving notes about the crime. It discusses how the fact that he was never caught by police, tormented the citizens of London for many years after the crimes stopped.

From the Paper
"Few other criminals have ever gained the notoriety that Jack the Ripper had. Not only did he become famous as one of the most dangerous and elusive murderers that London had ever seen, but he affected the way the people of London lived their lives for quite some time. When Jack the Ripper had extended his reign to a period of time that became uncomfortable, the British crown and the Parliament stepped in to find Jack the Ripper and to stop his killings. Who he was and why he did the things he did were very important concerns for Parliament, as was the effect that his killings had on the women of London. Many people became distrustful of strangers, and the fear instilled in the hearts of the London townspeople remained there for a very long time. Unfortunately, Jack the Ripper was not someone who was easily captured, and although he to haunt to the police and left them notes, he was never captured. The case remains unsolved, and it has become fodder for many books and movies (Barbee, 2003)."

Tags:murder, rape, prostitute

Abstract
Crime myths are a social phenomenon that act as the consensus' view on crime and the criminal justice system. These are prominently based on fiction however many variables combine to form the resulting myth. This paper discusses crime myths and myth makers, as well as the variables which form a crime myth. It looks at definitions of crime, current global trends, crime measurement and specific crime myths contrasted with crime facts. The paper makes use of a graph.

From the Paper
"Crime is a word not easily defined. It is an incredibly broad term that holds a variety of different meanings by a diversity of demographics (Israel 2003). Criminologists argue that no definition of crime can ever remain constant, as acts viewed as crime by a society differ over time (Israel 2003). Crime is becoming increasingly hard to measure, as opportunities to commit victimless crimes that are not as easily detected, increase with advancing technology and globalization (Graycar and Grabosky 2002: 23). However, the way crime is measured is dependant on the particular definition of crime held (Israel 2003). Different religions, ethnicities and ages hold different ideals on what crime actually involves (Israel 2003), and victims and police often have varying reactions to crime (Morgan 2003) For these and many other reasons, crime measurement is far from accurate."

Tags:stereotypes, drug, use, prostitution

Abstract
This paper looks at the normal/pathological debate about criminal offenders to try to conclude whether or not criminal offenders have underlying mental issues or just commit crimes based on their environment and lifestyles.

From the Paper
"The question of whether offenders are mad or bad and the normal/pathological debate is one that runs rife throughout not only the psychological community, but also society as a whole. To understand and decide whether or not offenders are mad or just plain bad, the defining of the terms "normal" and "pathological" and the basic outline of the debate is imperative. The psychological definition of pathological is to relate to, or manifest behaviors that are habitual, maladaptive and compulsive and on the other hand normal is defined as functioning in a natural manner, with no observable abnormalities (The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary: 2002). The basics of this debate in relation to criminal offenders is that genetics influence criminal behavior and therefore cause pathological behavior (Lefton, L.A:1979), that crime is a result of a disfunctioning biological systems involving physiological, biochemical, neurological and environmental factors, (Vold, Bernard and Snipes: ) and the theory that mental illness played a huge part in why criminals offend (Lefton, L.A:1979). On the other hand, moral development theorists view crime as normal and that a person's moral development will determine what crime they will commit and what excuses they will use for the crime (Thornton, D: 1987). However with a strong debate towards the relationship between pathological behavior and crime, there is no other possibility to consider than that individuals offend due to pathological influences and are in fact mad with deeper psychological roots, rather than just bad and a normal member of society."

Tags:mental, hospitals, compulsive, damaging, behaviour, multiple, murderers, developmental, years

Abstract
This essay analyzes human behavior through biological, learning, and cognitive theories to assess whether prison-based rehabilitation programs should be abolished in times of financial cutbacks. Research evidence is provided which indicates that although much of human behavior has biological roots, it does not necessarily mean behavior cannot be changed. The author argues that although only certain types of rehab programs are effective in changing criminal behavior, it nevertheless implies that behavior is more nurture than nature.

Outline:
Rehabilitation: The Key in Changing Offender Behavior
Biological Accounts of Behavior
Behavior Through Learning
Cognitive Approach
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In recent decades, incarceration rates (ABS) have displayed an upward trend across Australia. This, along with an increasing rate of recidivism(ABS) has contributed to a growing amount of criticism on the effectiveness of prison based rehabilitation programs.
According to Vennard, Sugg and Hedderman (1997) prison based programs designed to rehabilitate offenders have been criticised on two main grounds. Firstly, that they over simplify the roots of offending behavior by not considering other determinants of crime and secondly, that they are ineffective at changing criminal behavior. This "nothing works" (Martinson, 1974) attitude has changed in recent years to a cautious optimism, supported by growing research that some types of intervention can be effective at reducing re-offending. It is therefore paramount that some, if not most rehabilitation programs continue to operate despite financial cutbacks."

Tags:rehab, biological, cognitive, behavioral

Abstract
This paper looks at how juvenile delinquency is linked to the families the offenders come from. Links are examined in regards to the abuse of children during childhood, low levels of family affection and high levels of family conflict, the use of ineffective or inconsistent disciplinary practices and the structure of the family.

From the Paper
"The first and most obvious cause in the family is most probably the lack of parental affection or parental rejection. This happens mostly in families whereby the parents are very busy, broken homes or those where arguments are part of a daily routine. Cernkovich and Giordano (1987) found that ?delinquent behavior in a large sample of high-school students was associated with parent-adolescent conflict, low parental acceptance and low parental caring and trust.? Children that feel rejected or unloved may sometimes find ways to attract attention. The ways children do so varies from just crying all day long or calling their parents every single second, to committing crimes. This is why some children of rejecting parents display aggressive behavior. Interactions between parents and child are also important to prevent the child from feeling rejected. J. Pincus said, ?Parenting that promotes interpersonal and communicative relations, academic and professional skills, as well as encourages the development of normative values and positive behavioral standards in children.? This positive interaction between parent and child is important in establishing a strong bond and the formation of appropriate behavioral characteristics in children."

Tags:delinquency, juvenile

Abstract
Gives a critical analysis of "the war on drugs". Through examination of the history and present motivations of drug laws, this paper argues that the reasons behind drug criminalization are invalid. The paper also shows that the current law enforcement approaches are ineffective in dealing with the drug problem.

From the Paper
"The illicit drug problem is seen as a paramount concern within all western communities and is clearly the source of some of society's most major public health issues. The so-called "War on Drugs" is given unprecedented resources in the area of law enforcement and often headlines our major media outlets. The reasons for our community seeking to criminalize drug use will be explored in the following essay by tracing drugs laws to the original sources of public concern and exploring how community concern has evolved since. It will be shown that the original notions that are the basis of drug criminalization have been flawed from their inception. Furthermore it will be illustrated how current and past drug laws have been completely ineffective in achieving the aims that society has sought to achieve through drug criminalization."

Tags:cocaine, community, enforcement, heroin, history, law, legislation, marijuana, opium, police

Abstract
This paper takes a look at the history of professional police forces in Britain, the US, and Australia, starting in the 18th century. Includes an analysis of the how the general population regards police.

From the Paper
"The modern day police force is often taken for granted. People assume that the police will always be there whenever needed and probably always have been. A second thought is rarely ever entered into of the origins of the police force. But it was not until the nineteenth century that a police force remotely similar to what we have come to know in the present time emerged. In times of rapid social change and widespread disorder, a force of individuals became necessary to uphold and enforce the public law."

Tags:police, great, britain, ireland, bolshevism, catholic

Abstract
Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. This paper advocates that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by essentially "incurable" predators. It puts forward the proposal that if people were assured a harsh punishment if they were to commit a crime, they would be less likely to be able to justify their criminal actions as being "worth the risk". It discusses the holes in current legislation and how offenders are often not required to undergo sex offender treatment or evaluation and they are released into the community without being forced to adhere to sex offender registration laws and evaluates Megan's law. Megan's Law refers to the series of laws introduced in New Jersey following the murder of seven year-old Megan Kanka who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by her neighbor, a twice convicted sex offender who had committed a similar crime only months before. It analyzes the increasing public awareness and concern about crime together with intense media focus on the issue.

From the Paper
"According to Princeton University professor John DeIulio, "almost half of the country's 671,000 parolees and probationers are caught committing serious new offenses within three years" (Feinsilber, 1997). Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. For this reason we should not allow these dangerous criminals to terrorize our neighborhoods, schools and homes. It is therefore my contention that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by these essentially "incurable" predators."

Tags:child, deviants, law, legal, molesters, rapists, sexual, megan, criminals