Abstract
The paper explores the issue of peer pressure in today's society and how it can have both a negative and positive effect on peers. The paper looks at studies that explore the link between peer pressure and body image, product consumption, drinking alcohol and smoking.

Outline:
Introduction
How Peer Pressure Transpires
When and Why Does Negative Conformity and Peer Pressure Occur?
The Positive Role of Peer Pressure in Conforming

From the Paper
"According to Burton, Weston & Kowalski (2009), conformity refers to the altering of "attitudes or behaviour to accommodate the standards of peers or groups". This behaviour is seen more in children & adolescents during the school years than in any other life stages. The fear of being excluded, and ultimately having to cope with educational and social pressure single-handedly, instils a more negative approach to choices concerning right and wrong.
"Peer pressure is an influential attitude or perception, which is best described by Manohar (2009); "...it is the pressure exerted by a peer group in encouraging someone to change their attitudes, behaviour, or morals, to fit in a group."
"Peer pressure and conformity can work in a harmonious relationship, provided that both are applied using a positive approach. In contrast, they can also share a discordant affiliation if both conformity and peer-pressure are used inappropriately. For example, a group pressuring a child to steal some money involves both negative peer pressure and consequently ends with a negative conformity."

Tags:body, image, consumption, alcohol, smoking, substance, abuse, self-esteem

Abstract
In this article, the writer illustrates that the group most affected by scalds in Australia are children under the age of four years. Further, the writer notes that boys are almost twice as likely to sustain scalds than girls. The writer discusses that each year in Australia an average of 1800 children suffer scald burns requiring admission to hospital. The writer also looks at the different types of injuries caused by scalds. Finally, the writer looks at the prevention of such child injuries and concludes that scald burns are preventable and are far more preferable to prevent them than it is to treat them.
This paper includes color charts.

Outline:
Types of Scald Injuries
Hot Tap Water Scalds
Scalds Occurring In The Kitchen
Who Is Affected?
Prevention
Summary/Recommendations

From the Paper
"One of the ways the community addresses the problem is by educating parents and caregivers by means such as advertising, brochures, factsheets and other health promotion campaigns. These campaigns recommend measures such as safety with hot drinks, safety in the kitchen - such as keeping kettles, jugs and teapots away from the edge of benches and tables, using cordless kettles, installing stove guards and turning handles inwards towards the back of stove, also using the back burners on stoves.
"Hot tap water scalds can be avoided by running the cold water tap before immersing a young child in a bath and not leaving young children alone whilst they are bathing."

Tags:hot, taps, microwave, injuries, risk

Abstract
The paper discusses how the category of teenager created a scientific concern for the implementation of social roles which had to be realised through newly compulsory secondary education. Further, the paper explains how the new 'teenagers' were encouraged to make choices for themselves, however limited by the frame of conventional gender roles. Finally, the paper shows how distinctive femininities and masculinities emerging from the new category of youth appeared threatening to social order but were soon exploited for their commercial potential.

From the Paper
"It is in very specific historical conditions that the emergence of the category of 'teenager' was rendered possible in post-war Australia. After the confrontation of individualism and totalitarianism had left a world in which youth was the hope for a different future, a general sense of progress and the promise that desires could be realised accompanied the celebration of the 'modern', embodied by the new department stores making mass-produced goods available to the gaze of all (Johnson 1993, p.48). In this context of prosperity, a new age of life had now time to emerge in the transition between childhood and adulthood: adolescence. It became recognised among psychologists that the period from 12 to 16 years old was a critical stage in the life of an individual (Faye 1998, p.350), 'a period of immaturity and plasticity' (Johnson 1993, p.57)."

Tags:rock, n', roll, femininity, masculinity, social, order, delinquency

Abstract
This paper takes a look at how children are affected by divorce. The paper attempts to explain what it is exactly about divorce that causes negative consequences for children, how divorce affects children and if these effects are demonstrated outwardly.

Tags:disorders, family, separation

Abstract
Collective efficacy, social capital and community empowerment have all been suggested to play a vital role in reducing and controlling crime in communities. Not surprisingly, many communities targeted for change are those that suffer disadvantage, being exposed to risk factors such as unemployment, family instability, low education levels and poverty. This paper addresses the challenges faced when implementing capacity building programs, and evaluates the evidence for the effectiveness of these approaches in reducing crime.

From the Paper
"Not only does this get the community helping themselves, but also bestows a sense of empowerment on them and makes them feel important and a valued member of society who can make a change in their community; this empowerment may have not been the initial aim of the program but filters through automatically due to the sense of accomplishment an individual feels. Empowerment can be the most important aim in any community development that takes place as it "provides people with the recourses, opportunities, knowledge and skills" to change their own future and to contribute to the entire community."

Tags:Pathways, Model, criminal, Latency, Model, social, capital

Abstract
The notion of family has undergone radical change within the last century and with that idea of what constitutes a "normal" childhood. This paper examines how it has become increasingly difficult to identify the typical childhood experience within the family life cycle. It looks at how functional and dysfunctional patterns of child development need to be examined within their systemic context and the family's cultural background to deem what constitutes a "normal" developmental trajectory across time.

Outline
The Child Within a Developmental Context
Systemic View of Child Development
Assessment
Interventions
Efficacy and Effectiveness of Systemic Therapy

From the Paper
"The type and level of dysfunction a child experiences and impacts a family system is dependent upon what developmental stage they are currently in. For example, the impact that an alcoholic mother has on her infant may create a different set of developmental challenges (e.g. ) as compared to a pubescent child (e.g.). In order to understand the impact of the family on the child, the child first needs to be understood in terms of what personal dilemmas the child need to overcome in each developmental phase in order to achieve normative developmental milestones."

Tags:cycle, erikson, life, psychosocial, childhood

Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of child labor and outworking. The author looks at the ethical arguments that have surfaced and the implications that this type of labor proposes for governments, industries as well as citizens with special reference to Australia. The author also proposes alternatives for the future.

From the Paper
"Some say that child labor and outworking is, "modern day slavery in the real sense." (Kailash Satyarthi; The Australian, 27/08/98). People turn to these two forms of employment for diverse reasons and there are many ethical arguments involved in these types of labor. Consumers should be aware of the issues of child labor and outworkers, because they can have some implications for consumers, not only overseas in less developed countries, but also for Australians. There are many different paths that can be taken towards helping to solve the ethical disputes of outworkers and child labor, although some approaches gain better results than others."

Tags:child, consumer, employment, ethical, homeworker, labour, outworker, slavery, work

Abstract
This paper deals with the what parents, older generation and the younger generation think about rap. It also, tells both sides (good and bad) of rap music and why it is perceived in different ways to diferent people.

From the Paper
"Many people of the older generation dislike the younger generations? taste in music, mostly because the music has evolved to a new level. This level includes a lot of swearing and abusive language and sexual references. These explicit records have become readily available on the market for the youth of today. This level of music is different to the level of obscene language that was around in the younger days of the older generation. In their day and age, there were no records that provoked swearing, sex and other themes."

Tags:generation, generations, parents, reflective, society

Abstract
This paper offers an in-depth review of how the family has been depicted in TV sit-coms and the like over the past 50 years. It examines dozens of shows and discusses how the roles of the husband and wife, and the values within the family has evolved. Also looks at racial issues.

From the Paper
"In the fifty years between the first season of I Love Lucy to the first season of The Osbournes, the ethics, mores and socio-economic configuration of the TV-viewing audience has changed greatly. Closely aligned to the revaluated morals of contemporary society have been the representations of family on television. Of particular significance is the way in which the sitcom family is depicted on American TV. Throughout the history of the sitcom, the mother and father and children have adhered to a consistent and perpetuated set of stereotypes informing the way they act. Largely, these representations are dictated by the social class and economic situation of the characters. From their beginnings in a pleasant romp in suburban middle class existence, the members of the sitcom family have become edgier and more prone to throw insults at each other. Conflict has always threatened the family, but with a new age comes transformed values and new forms of danger to the family unit. Issues of sexuality, violence and substance abuse have increasingly played a major role in the lives of TV families over the past three decades. Though the troubles they face may be more serious than the fifties sitcom predicament, and they have changed greatly from the respectable ideals of the fifties sitcom, the family, as will be demonstrated, is perhaps as strong, if not stronger than ever."

Tags:bewitched, brady, bunch, children, cosby, dick, dyke, families, family, married, osbournes, roseanne, show, simpsons, step, van

Abstract
Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. This paper advocates that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by essentially "incurable" predators. It puts forward the proposal that if people were assured a harsh punishment if they were to commit a crime, they would be less likely to be able to justify their criminal actions as being "worth the risk". It discusses the holes in current legislation and how offenders are often not required to undergo sex offender treatment or evaluation and they are released into the community without being forced to adhere to sex offender registration laws and evaluates Megan's law. Megan's Law refers to the series of laws introduced in New Jersey following the murder of seven year-old Megan Kanka who was kidnapped, raped and murdered by her neighbor, a twice convicted sex offender who had committed a similar crime only months before. It analyzes the increasing public awareness and concern about crime together with intense media focus on the issue.

From the Paper
"According to Princeton University professor John DeIulio, "almost half of the country's 671,000 parolees and probationers are caught committing serious new offenses within three years" (Feinsilber, 1997). Many sexual predators have admitted that they cannot control their urges to sexually and violently abuse women and children. For this reason we should not allow these dangerous criminals to terrorize our neighborhoods, schools and homes. It is therefore my contention that more strict legislative measures are needed that would prevent vulnerable individuals from being raped, abused and possibly killed by these essentially "incurable" predators."

Tags:child, deviants, law, legal, molesters, rapists, sexual, megan, criminals