Abstract
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an illness that occurs during pregnancy that can cause many complications and can dramatically affect the health of the mother and the newborn child if not properly treated. This paper provides an analysis of the causes of gestational diabetes and concentrates on the effects that the disease can have on the health of the newborn. Finally, nursing interventions are discussed in relation to the outcomes of the illness for the mother and her child.

From the Paper
"For women that are diagnosed with gestational diabetes, it is important that they begin their course of treatment as soon as possible. The mother must closely monitor her blood glucose levels in the range of 4 to 7 times per day to accurately assess her situation (24). According to D?Arrigo (106), "The first line of treatment in gestational diabetes consists of dietary control and exercise." All pregnant women with the disease should strongly consider nutritional counseling by a registered licensed dietitian based on maternal height and weight, and the proposed diet should allow sufficient caloric intake and must be consistent with maternal glucose goals (24). Women must maintain adequate levels of protein, iron, and folic acid, and the diet must be restricted and culturally acceptable (Hart 1). If the pregnancy is otherwise uncomplicated, the expectant mother should engage in light exercise in order to promote good health habits."

Tags:blood, sugar, glucose, glyburide

Abstract
Slavery resulted in the deportation of between eight and 10.5 million people over the course of over 200 years. Countries affected included Gambia, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, Mauritania, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon, as these were the locations of European slave forts operated by the Dutch, British, French, and Portuguese. This paper looks at the cultural effects of this trade on the African countries, some of them which may be considered positive. It covers several issues including the introduction of Christianity to Africa, the economic prosperity of countries from which slaves were taken and the rise in literacy in these countries.

From the Paper
"Areas that were involved in the European slave trade eventually prospered, as they developed commercial ties with the west, while those that profited from the traditional Arab slave trade in Eastern Africa declined alongside the Ottoman Empire. The biggest material difference between areas in which the slavery of Africans by Europeans predominated and other areas is that the former areas were early to adopt Christianity, which continues to divide some countries such as Ivory Coast and Nigeria as these coastal Christians clash with inland Muslims. It could be said that slavery caused Africans to develop a negative opinion of whites, but this would be the case only in that such a negative relationship complemented the latter, more pervasive one: colonialization. Whereas the Arabs, Turks, and Egyptians had practiced slavery in Africa for a much longer period of time, the slavery of Africans by whites was best understood as a precedent for the context in which Europeans would engage in relationships with Africans: as a stronger, alien culture with a history of conquest."

Tags:Suret-Canale, colonization, Africanization, Arabs

Abstract
Through an analysis of the literature, this paper examines the key components of ADHD, including prevalence and diagnosis. Its causes,including biological and socio-environmental factors (i.e. diet, maternal smoking and difficult family environments) are discussed, as are a number of common treatments including stimulant drugs, counselling, behavioural methods and alternative therapies. Detailed results from the "Multi-Model Treatment Study" for children with ADHD are also presented. Further study into the area of cognitive behavioral therapy is recommended.

From the Paper
"Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is defined by the DSM-IV as a "persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than is typically observed in individuals at a comparable level of development" (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, p78). Experts estimate that between three to five percent of school-age children have ADHD, with an average of two to three times as many boys than girls being affected. ADHD is the most common childhood psychiatric disorder and is usually diagnosed during the early school years. In most cases symptoms ease during late adolescents and adulthood, although a minority experience major symptoms of the disorder into mid-adulthood (American Psychiatric Association, 2000)."

Tags:behaviour, classroom, methylphenidate, modification, ritalin

Abstract
SARS has known to have a negative effect on the worldwide economies. This paper discusses these effects, among them are reduction in GDP, the decrease in inflation rate, increase in unemployment and the effects on the current account balance.

From the Paper
"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) emerged in southern China by the end of 2002. Failing to stop this syndrome from spreading, SARS had since then become a worldwide epidemic. Research has shown that SARS spreads by direct human contact or contact with infectious material (Thurow 2003). This results the World Health Organization to issue an advisory against non-essential travel to affected countries especially Canada, Singapore, Hong Kong and China. It said that, this syndrome has a potential to rival the Black Death in the Middle Ages."

Tags:black, death, epidemic, illness, plague

Abstract
A look at the events that lead to the gold rush in Australia during the 1850's. The author looks at the end of Australia's depression, Australian labor and new mining techniques and skills as prospective contributors. The author also examines the effects of the Gold Rush for Australia.

From the Paper
"Payable gold was discovered in Australia due to several factors. The combination of prospecting expertise and new, efficient methods of extraction being applied together with the necessary publicity at a time when gold had the world's attention and Australia was coming out of a depression that had crippled its wool staple provided the impetus for the gold rushes of 1851.Gold had been discovered in quantity as early as 1829 and it has been argued that Governor Gipps and other colonial authorities had prevented the rise of gold mining prior to 1851. Certainly the idea of a British prisoner being transported to a land of gold hardly seems like punishment. However, the more likely cause for earlier discoveries not precipitating gold rushes was the ancient British law that held all precious metals mined to be the property of the Crown. Richard Cotter has suggested that the exodus of Australian labor to the California fields and the depression of the 1840s modified official attitudes to gold. Cotter believes that prior to Edward Hammond Hargraves? efforts gold had been easier to find than to exploit. New mining techniques and prospecting skills along with the mineral search spurred by the depression of the 1840s proved crucial according to Cotter."

Tags:mining, boom, depression, economics, trade, rich

Abstract
This paper deals with examination of the four types of unemployment - frictional, structural, cyclical, and seasonal. It also examines the issues of full employment and natural rate of employment. This is then followed by an explanation of the causes and effects of demand-pull inflation.

From the Paper
"Unemployment rate is one of the indicators of the labor market and economic condition of a country. According to McTaggart et al, one is considered unemployed if they are job losers, job leavers, or labor force entrants and re-entrants (1999: 31.7). There are four types of unemployment, including frictional, structural, cyclical, as well as seasonal. Two of the many factors that lead to unemployment include the processes of job matching (a two-sided process of linking the right worker with the right job) and job rationing (the practice of paying employed people a wage that creates an excess supply of labor and a shortage of jobs ) (McTaggart et al, 1999: 31.10). Employers take time for their search process because this process is influenced by employment protection laws, which induce employers to more carefully consider any hire."

Tags:aggregate, cost, economic, force, gdp, indicator, labour, level, population, supply, wage, workforce

Abstract
This paper deals with workplace stress from many perspectives. It starts with the modern definition of stress using stimulus and response. It also examines the various causes and consequences of stress. The consequences, measured in both quantitative and qualitative terms, are analyzed from the viewpoint of employers and employees. Lastly, the paper explains why managers are concerned with workplace stress.

From the Paper
"Stress is an everyday occurrence in one s life. It is the wear and tear on one s body caused by pressures and problems one experiences in day-to-day life. In general, stress is perceived to be an unpleasant effect that has a negative impact on performance. However, research showed that stress is not entirely bad (Hellriegel, Slocum & Woodman, 1995). In fact, depending on an individual s ability and method of coping, certain degree of stress is essential for survival in life. As such, stress can mean different things to different people."

Tags:absenteeism, anxiety, apathy, compensation, conflict, depression, disease, frustration, health, heart, illness, lawsuits, mental, overload, physiology, politics, pressures, psychology, relationship, security, stress, workplace

Abstract
An analysis of the current budget deficit and its causes--a slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts. The paper also addresses the economic effect of a deficit on the economy and the desirable and adverse effects caused by a deficit. This essay concludes that spending would be more productive if directed to structural elements of the economy.

From the Paper
"Budget deficits occur when government expenditure is greater than revenue, forcing the government to borrow to meet its requirements. There are many potential economic effects of a deficit; the most apparent is an expansionary effect on the economy caused by injections of money being greater than withdrawals. Fiscal policy, among many other mechanisms is used to manipulate the economy. However, budget deficits should be used as to not adversely affect the economy. The federal budget deficit set the new record of $374 billion in 2003, doubling last year's efforts (Fram). The record deficit has been caused by the slow economy, tremendous spending on the Iraq war and tax cuts for the rich. This indicates that the great America does not know how to balance the checkbook, and certainly does not know how to spend wisely."

Tags:bush, debt, fiscal, iraq, monetary, spending, surplus, tax, tax, trade, war

Abstract
A paper discussing the issues surrounding health hazards caused by computer use. The author looks at individual as well as institutional protective measures with special reference to avoiding Carpal Tunnel Syndrome.

From the Paper
"Within the past two years, substantial media attention has been directed at potential adverse health effects of long-term computer use. Renewed concerns about radiation, combined with reports of newly recognized "repetitive stress injuries" such as carpal tunnel syndrome, have led some to call for regulation in the workplace and others to rearrange their offices and computer labs. There is little evidence that computer use is on the decline, however. On the contrary, more people are spending more time doing more tasks with computers -- and faculty, students and staff at colleges and universities have some of the most computer-intensive work styles in the world."

Tags:medicine, pc

Abstract
This essay examines the economic causes of the Great Depression and evaluates why it was such a significant event in world history. The Great Depression was one of the darkest periods of the 20th Century, the entire capitalist world economy came precariously close to collapse. It affected virtually every civilian of Western civilization from the wealthy bourgeoisie to the poor proletariat. The paper focuses on the Wall Street crash and the Smoot-Hawley Tariff and the role that each played in precipitating the Great Depression and puts forward extensive evidence that suggests that the Wall Street crash actually played a bigger role than the Smoot-Hawley Tariff.

From the Paper
"As a fundamental principle of economics is that voluntary trade makes everyone involved better-off, economists were almost uniformly critical of the Smoot-Hawley tariff, and Hoover received a petition signed by more than 1,000 economists urging him to veto the bill. Ultimately, he signed the Smoot-Hawley bill into law on June 17, 1930. Once enacted, it established the highest average tariff level in American history. As Kenneth Davidson said: "The Smoot-Hawley tariff was part of the general "beggar thy neighbour" polices adopted worldwide during the early 1930s." While the Wall Street crash had a clear and direct impact on the American economy, the effect of the Smoot-Hawley tariff on precipitating the Great Depression is plagued with ambiguity as it had more of a vague indirect global impact."

Tags:crash, hawley, smoot, street, tariff, wall