Abstract
This paper explains Williams three styles of theology --celebratory, communicative and critical. Williams attempts to address theology in conversation with as many people as possible. The paper suggests that the quest for certainty and an easier way to talk about God are attempts to transcend the messy stage of people and history and it leads to a spirituality that is directed from the powers that be and/or the individuals' own private psyche. The writer believes that the theology of Rowan Williams could be called the theology of the question mark. Williams is at odds with authoritarianism and any misuse of power or authority and the desire for order that goes with it.

From the Paper
"Rowan Williams was born on 14 June 1950 in Swansea, Wales. He was educated at Dynevor Secondary School, then at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he read Theology. After research in Oxford (on Christianity in Russia), he spent two years as a lecturer at Mirfield Theological College. From 1977, he spent nine years in academic and parochial work in Cambridge. From 1986-1992, Williams was Professor of Theology at Oxford. He became the Bishop of Monmouth in 1992 and Archbishop of Wales, eight years later. Recently he became the head of the Anglican Church; being appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury. Williams has written a number of books on the history of theology and spirituality and published collections of articles and sermons " as well as two books of poetry. On Christian Theology was published in 2000 and though been a collection of Williams" articles, addresses the basic Christian themes that are common to most theologies. I will attempt to look at the constant threads that run through this book, particularly in relation to what forms the basis of Williams' theology and his ideas of God and God acting in history. To do this I look at what I perceive to be his method, his core, Christ, the Spirit, God, power and history."

Tags:anglican, archbishop, christ, church, god, holy, spirit, theology

Abstract
This paper discuss how F. Scott Fitzgerald explores the "American dream" in his novel, "The Great Gatsby." It describes the American dream's significance in terms of plot, characterisation and theme in his novel. The paper suggests that Fitzgerald is critical of the American dream, and ultimately damns it, arguing that the American dream is no longer a universal ambition to which all Americans may aspire.

From the Paper
"During the period of the 1920s American society was transformed by the opulence of a decadent era. These changes, as documented in The Great Gatsby, affected every American. However, as Fitzgerald writes, such changes were not uniform. The American Dream, an ideal that had driven the country since its inception, was redefined amid the unprecedented pursuit of wealth and material satisfaction, by a broad section of society. Fitzgerald argues in his novel that the American Dream has lost its significance in a newly materialistic America, influenced by an age of consumer goods. Through his protagonist, Gatsby, he shows the price of living too long for a single, unattainable dream, which had ceased to be. Fitzgerald is therefore arguing that the American dream is no longer a universal ambition to which all Americans may aspire."

Tags:material, aspiration, characterisation, plot

Abstract
This paper examines how the narrative in Ian McEwan's "Atonement" shows how a story reveals more about the implied author's intentions and beliefs rather than those of her characters. It looks at how Briony Tallis accepts literary criticisms, adopts perspectives of those negatively affected by her actions, and employs other literary techniques in narrating a credible story of how interpretations can have indelible effects on the lives of other people. It also discusses whether Briony's actually atones for her wrongdoing and how her narration is her way of coming to terms with an ordeal that is only based on the story told in "Atonement".

From the Paper
"The events that take place by the fountain form a pivotal turning point in Atonement; both internally as an aspect of Briony's seeming inability to atone, and externally as a driving force of the third-person narrative. According to Bennett and Royle, "narratives move from a state of equilibrium or stasis through a disturbance of this stability, and back to a state of equilibrium at the end" (55). Based on this view, the reader can perceive the fountain scene as a primary source of 'disturbance'. Innocence (the 'state of equilibrium') is not implicit; Briony stands before a window in a nursery and observes a sequence of action that takes place outside, by the fountain. She does not hear (and therefore, does not completely understand) the conversation between two adults."

Tags:Briony, Tallis

Abstract
This article is a critical and scathing review of poet Robert Bly's attempt at a non-fiction, self-help book for men. Included is an examination, as an aspect of Bly's work, of the mytho-poetic men's movement. The article outlines Bly's contentions within the book, which revolve around a self-conceived crisis in masculinity and his solutions for resolving and restoring masculinity for men. This essay examines Bly's assumptions regarding masculinity and the way in which he signifies patriarchal domination and misogyny toward women as a solution to the masculine 'crisis'. It examines general essentialist theory, extending to a discussion of Jungian archetypes as an example of essentialism.

From the Paper
"How is it possible, in today's gender aware society, that the writing of one author can be simultaneously described as "expos[ing] ... patriarchal domination" and "blocked by ... sexist stereotypes" " This is the conundrum which surrounds Robert Bly, his nonfiction text "Iron John: A Book About Men" (Bly 1999), and the mythopoetic men's movement which has sprung up as a result of Bly's work with, what he terms, "soft males" (Bly 1999: p.2). All three have focused on reclaiming masculinity; a masculinity which, according to Bly, is not only in crisis, but with which there is "something wrong" (p.2). However, in the task of reclaiming a truer form of masculinity for men, is it possible that Bly is simply reasserting his idea of patriarchal domination as a defensive response to feminism (Connell 1992: p.31)" Or does Bly indeed, as he claims, not wish to return men to the "domineering mode that has led to the repression of women" (p. x) " To ascertain the answer to this question, it is vital to return to the source and examine the foundations upon which Bly bases his contentions and solutions regarding the supposed masculinity in crisis."

Tags:critique, essentialism, hegemonic, jung, masculinity, mens, movement, mytho, patriarchal, poetic, robert

Abstract
This paper discusses the book "Education and the Cult of Efficiency" by Raymond E. Callahan which examines the state of American public education as of the early 1960s. It looks at how the author finds a problem in the degree to which educators are limited in their choices because of criticism leveled at them and pressure brought to bear by politicians, the public and interest groups. It analyzes Callahan's theory that school administrators have adopted the point of view of the business executive, and it is this posture which he sees as leading to poor schools and poor educational performance.

From the Paper
"An image that recurs and that Callahan sees as embodying the movement in education is of the school as a factory, taking unformed children in at one end and spitting out efficient workers and business people at the other. It is not difficult to see such a system as one that would tend to stamp out a good deal of individuality and even creativity in service of a uniformity of product. For such a factory, a new kind of administrator came into being, men who "represented a new type of school administrator," men who were "able, energetic, and practical, an to an amazing degree they represented in their interests and actions the dominant tendencies in American life in the first decades of the twentieth century," namely by showing "a great interest in and admiration for businessmen and industrialists" (180) while also resembling such men in their own actions."

Tags:school, administrators, educators

Abstract
This paper analyzes Oscar Wilde's play "The Importance of Being Earnest" as a condemning social comment on the upper crust of English society. The entire play portrays the trivia of society, in its superficiality and fantasies, to create an illusion of self-importance, purpose and sophistication. Analyzing each of the characters in turn, the paper concludes that they are all subject to their own illusions and hypocrisies, have an immense quantity of trivial habits, and lack a sense of purpose, thereby illustrating the fallacies of Victorian high society.

From the Paper
"As can easily be observed, Wilde has given all of the characters in his play, whether they even make an appearance or not, a distinct stereotype of their role in society, yet, keeping with the theme of trivia and "bubbles of fancy", showed how purposeless and identical they all are. All of the characters are living a lie, which they have created for themselves to either thrust themselves into society, or to escape from those confines. And, resolutely, all of these lies are revealed in the end of the play. Algernon and Jack escaped from their constricted bindings by creating alter egos for the sake of Bunburying. On the other hand, Lady Bracknell forced her way into society by marrying Lord Bracknell, if only for money. Cecily and Gwendolen, although both content in their current cliques, desired something that was missing from their lives - a husband named Ernest. Dr. Chasuble and Miss Prism both suppressed their love for each other as the "practice of the Primitive Church was distinctly against matrimony." Despite the vastly contrasting scenes and positions held by each of the characters, they are all hiding their real identities in delicately constructed lies."

Tags:British, Irish, literature, bubble, elite

Abstract
This paper examines how, after the end of reconstruction in 1877, African-Americans, particularly in the South, faced an uncertain time. It looks at how the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a dark time in history where racism and segregation were running rampant and how this was enforced, especially in the South by the Jim Crow laws which legalized segregation with the supposed policy of "separate but equal". The paper also examines how, in order to confront and overcome the effects of Jim Crow and racism the black middle class resorted to several tactics. These included using the politics and law, media exposure, economic support and preserving safety.

From the Paper
"Politics and law played a large role in the black middle class attempting to confront and overcome Jim Crow and racism. Middle class blacks were determined to have their say in politics and encouraged the poorer class to vote. In some places such as Holy Springs, Mississippi they even went to the extent of coloring the Republican voting ballot a different color so that illiterate blacks would be able to know who they were voting for. When Tennessee replaced older laws that condoned segregation in response to the Civil Rights Act, four African Americans on the state legislature fought back. They attempted to repeal the laws but ultimately failed. They did however gain a compromise from the white legislators that granted first class accommodation for blacks on railroads. This accommodation led to blacks attempting to use the law to further their cause for fair treatment. Many lawsuits were filed against railroad companies for throwing out blacks who were holding first class tickets. "

Tags:Jim, Crow, laws, segregation, blacks

Abstract
This paper examines the sexual undertones of the two novels, showing the victorian preoccupation with homosexuality and expiation of sin. The paper shows how each novel explores homosexuality as a factor of its time and place in society. In Faulkner's novel, the idea of "coming out" as we know it is discussed, while James' novel mentions the fear and repression associated with homosexuality at the time.

From the Paper
"In the late eighteenth century, notions of modesty and propriety meant that there were few ways in which sexuality could be discussed openly in a social setting. Gothic narrative served as an outlet. In Victorian Supernatural fiction, the anxieties surrounding homosexuality is a very prominent theme. However, due to the cultural status of homosexuality as taboo, the subject is heavily veiled in literature. In John Mead Faulkner's "The Lost Stradivarius," the story appears to be about a young man's obsession with a wonderful musical instrument and a particular piece of music. Through carefully disguised metaphor's, the story conveys pertinent information regarding the reception of homosexuality in England during the Victorian period. Similarly, Henry James' psychological tale, "The Turn of the Screw" subtly deals with homosexuality as taboo, and elucidates the repercussions of sexual deviance in children."

Tags:decadence, decay, ghost, john, lost, spectres, stradivarius, turn, violin

Abstract
This paper shows how Winton uses various literary devices, in his book "Blueback", to highlight the underlying themes of the book such as descriptive language, similes, metaphors, personification, use of transferred epithets, and sentence structure. The paper discusses the key themes of the novel; growing up, aging and death, dreams and memories, which are interrelated to the main theme of the environment. The paper is of the opinion that, after reading this book, readers may be persuaded to take greater caution to respect the environment and the creatures of the sea.

From the Paper
"The story focuses on a young boy, Abel, growing up who yearns to discover the secrets of the sea. After spending his entire youth growing up, living beside and learning about the ocean from his mother Dora, and scaled friend Blueback, Abel decides to move away to study the sea and the creatures that live in it. After traveling the world as a marine biologist, finding true love and growing into his middle ages, Abel learns a hard lesson in life. Abel comes to realize that no amount of education could compare to the relationship his mother had with the sea, for she was the one who stayed in Longboat Bay and fought to keep the sea free from harm."

Tags:sea, water, environment, Abel, Dora, Longboat, Bay, death, aging, dreams, memories

Abstract
This paper offers a review of the though provoking novel "Montana 1948" by Larry Watson. The writer shows how racism, as seen in the novel, can result in tragedy. The book is the retrospective tale of a childhood event told by the protagonist David Hayden forty years later. The story evolves around the alleged professionally unacceptable behavior of a physician towards his Indian patients.

From the Paper
"Among David's primary recollections concerning the events of 1948 is the realization that Marie Little Soldier's bedroom was "a small room off the kitchen," despite the fact that there was a "third bedroom" vacant on the second floor the floor where the white people slept. "Who decided that room should not be Marie's?" Despite the Hayden's tolerant and benevolent appearance, and their adequate treatment of Marie, they obviously are subtly influenced by the prejudice based on the belief in the superiority of a particular race. Wesley "was not a hate filled bigot he probably thought he was free of prejudice." Wes was able to "treat Indians with generosity, kindness, and respect" nevertheless he believed Indians' were ignorant, lazy, superstitious and irresponsible."

Tags:david, malouf, prejudice, racism, indian, native