Abstract
This paper gives a brief description of what stem cells are and how they may be used in scientific research. Recent studies show that stem cells may hold the key to discovering a cure for many mysterious diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. But the moral issues remain intact, despite the obvious positive consequences. The core of the stem cell debate is a battle over abortion, as stem cells come from embryos. This paper discusses both sides of the debate and looks at government intervention.

From the Paper
"For pro-life advocates, the moral costs of the research far outweigh any potential benefits. For scientists, the possibilities of research are awe-inspiring and bewildering. No one denies the moral dilemma of the stem cell debate. But to turn back now, researchers say, would be like turning our backs on a bright, sustaining light because we are terrified of the shadows it creates. "

Tags:embryos, research, infertility, clinics, aborted, fetuses, pro-choice, abortion

Abstract
This paper explains the concept of stem cell research and explains in what situations this technology can be used. It also discusses the several advantages of this type of research, medically and scientifically. It reviews some of the opponents of stem cell research, but concludes that the potential benefits far outweigh the disadvantages.

From the Paper
"Many advances have come about in the last decade about prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for many diseases. Some of these diseases include heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, a nervous system disease like Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. All of these diseases continue to deprive people of health, independence, and well being. Much research has been done about human development biology. This research has led to the discovery of human stem cells, embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells, and adult stem cells. Although experiments have proven many breakthroughs in the conversion of a single undifferentiated cell into the different cells comprising the organs and tissues of the human body, much more research is needed. Taking cells from early human embryos and fetal stem cells from aborted, fetal tissue raise ethical, legal, religious and policy questions."

Tags:human, embryo, organ, experiment

Abstract
"The Hot Zone," by Richard Preston, outlines the history of the three filoviruses: Marburg, Ebola Sudan, and Ebola Zaire. The account consists of scientific information about the viruses, portrayals of the earliest victims, and descriptions of the medical procedures used to counteract the viruses.

From the Paper
" "The Hot Zone," by Richard Preston, outlines the history of the three filoviruses: Marburg, Ebola Sudan, and Ebola Zaire. The account consists of scientific information about the viruses, portrayals of the earliest victims, and descriptions of the medical procedures used to counteract the viruses. The bulk of the book deals with the outbreak of what appeared to be Ebola Zaire at a primate facility on the outskirts of Washington, D.C., and the actions undertaken by the United States Army to contain the situation.

Early in 1980, a Frenchman living alone near Mount Elgon in western Kenya traveled to Kitum Cave; seven days later, he became extremely ill. By the time he arrived at Nairobi Hospital, his internal organs had become obstructed with blood clots, and his brain had begun to "liquefy," eradicating his personality (14)."

From the Paper
"The thesis of the study is that the scientific pursuit of genetic cloning too often ignores the ethical and spiritual aspects of humanity. This study will examine some of the pros and cons of this subject, focusing on human cloning.

Just as animal cloning has been accomplished, it is likely that human cloning is also within the reach of science. However, the question is whether the benefits of cloning outweigh the drawbacks. Are human beings supposed to live longer, one result of cloning? Is the cloned human being, in fact, an authentic human being? Is the relative perfection afforded by cloning desirable, or is it a danger to the essence of human nature? The argument here is that individuality, imperfection, sickness and even death are natural parts of human existence and yet one promise of human cloning is to do away with these factors which..."

Abstract
The paper first briefly defines stem cell research in all its forms (embryonic, adult, umbilical). It next explores whether the young fetus should actually be considered a 'life-form'. The political portion of the paper revolves around President Bush's policies and California's Proposition 71. Finally, the argument is made that alternatives to embryonic stem cells represent the only moral choice, especially at this early stage of research.

From the Paper
"There are too many unanswered questions and unknowns when it comes to stem cell research, embryonic or not. There is promising research being made on adult stem cells and umbilical cells as we speak. Shouldn't these avenues be completely explored before we even discuss destroying another embryo in the name of science? I would think so. The greatness of humankind can be measured by its accomplishments, but accomplishments made without regard to morals can destroy us. This is the course we must avoid. We must not sacrifice life with blind hopes of scientific advancement. We must not sacrifice one life to cure another."

Tags:abortion, CLS, ethics

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that mutations of the BRCA1 are known to be a cause in early onset breast-ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and colon cancer. The writer describe and experiment that aimed to sequence the exon containing the BRCA1 gene in order to identify disease causing mutations and then clone the gene to accept or reject heterozygosity shown in the sequence on the chromatogram. Salivary DNA was collected, amplified, and sequenced so that the sequence of the chromatogram obtained could be compared with the normal sequence to identify the positions of mutations. The writer discusses that the results obtained helped identify mutations and how to find their positions so that a better understanding of gene mutations and how to find them is acquired. The writer concludes that with the growing knowledge of gene mutations this brings us one step closer to finding a cure.

Abstract
Introduction
Rationale Aims
Materials and Methods
Collection of Salivary DNA
Purification of Human Genomic DNA
PCR Amplification of Exon in the BRCA1 Gene
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis/QIAquick PCR Purification
DNA Sequencing Reactions
Sequencing Reaction Cleanup
PCR Amplicon Sequencing Analysis
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part One)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 2)
Cell-Based Cloning of PCR Products (Part 3)
PCR Amplification of Cloned Exons
Cloned Sequence Reactions
Trouble shooting
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis of PCR Trouble Shoot
Results
References

From the Paper
"The BRCA1 gene was initially discovered in 1990 by Mary-Claire King, however, it wasn't until 1994 that a team of scientists located and amplified the gene. The reason why it took so long to locate the gene was due the fact that it only accounts for only 5% of all breast Cancer Cases. The gene is 100kb long and is located on the long arm of chromosome 17 at locus q21. It is a tumor suppressor gene which, with the interaction of other tumor suppressor genes, helps repair damaged DNA and control cell growth, therefore, keeping genomic stability.
"In response to damage BRCA1 produces a product which is activated and interacts with the BRCA2 and RAD51 to repair the broken DNA. The BRCA2 gene in another gene which when mutated causes breast cancer in men and women whereas BRCA1 only causes breast cancer in women."

Tags:tumor, gene, mutation, breast, cancer, DNA

Abstract
An experiment that looks at a large amount of data and interpreting this to draw conclusions on water balance within animals. Looks at hormonal responses, salt concentrations, nitrogenous wastes, water losses and water intake via foods. Data is provided in results, and is fully interpreted, with focus on kidney function and wastes with respect to water balance within the body.

From the Paper
"In human's, the role of water balance is controlled by the kidneys, which act as an internal filter, removing wastes from the blood such as nitrogenous compounds which can be toxic if they accumulate. In an average adult male, there is approximately 5 liters of blood within the body, and of this, 1 liter of blood passes through the kidneys in I minute, so the total blood volume is filtered roughly every 5 minutes. "

Tags:adh, ammonia, blood, concentraion, environment, evaporative, experiment, hormone, kidneys, membrane, moisture, nitrogenous, organism, osmosis, permeable, reabsorbtion, regulating, salts, stability, urine, waste, water

Abstract
The paper looks at the anatomical origins of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline and their associated pathways, as well as the basic anatomy of the limbic system and its associated structures. The essay then goes on to explain that our brain is structured such that certain environmental stimuli can cause us to have positive or negative reinforcing experiences based on how our neurochemicals react in response to the situation. The reward pathways in our brain help to determine much of our everyday behavior, whether it may be the urge to eat, the drive to have sex or the addiction associated with mind-altering drugs. As such, we must receive appropriate stimulation and positive reward in order to function as individuals and be happy, or we are at risk of a reward deficiency resulting in negative emotions such as sadness or depression. There is also a discussion of how addictive behavior can be due to positive reward systems which have a very strong influence on the way we act.

From the Paper
"Happiness and sadness are two primary human emotions, and whilst more often than not caused as a result of external stimuli, they are largely determined by neurobiological processes that occur in the brain namely that of biogenic amine reward pathways. We have to stimulate these pathways adequately every day if we are to function well mentally, physically and emotionally. The experience of emotion is integral to who we are as humans. Darwin (1872 in Ekman, 1973) defined emotion as essential to the welfare of group-living species. Without emotion, we would be unable to be attracted to one another, reproduce, or interact socially, amongst other things. Emotions also have distinct motivational properties (Izard, 1971) and understandably, the reward system and its close association with pleasure plays a large part in determining our actions. "Pleasure is unquestionably a key factor in controlling the motivated behaviors of humans." (Kandel et. al., 2000 p.1007) Emotions are known to lead to specific behavioral patterns that determine the way in which we live our lives and influence the experience of consequent emotions, for example, happiness or sadness."

Tags:addiction, antidepressants, dopaminergic, hippocampus

Abstract
This paper examines how neoplastic cells have a wide range of mechanisms available to them in the process of metastasis and invasion and how such techniques include both individual cell movement and collective cell migration strategies. It also looks at how the ability for cancer cells to modify their migration mechanisms has resulted in a significant decrease in efficacy of anti cancer therapeutics designed against target adhesion receptors and proteases.
Outline
Introduction
Five Step Model
Diversity in Neoplastic Cell Migration
Single Cell Migration
Amoeboid
Mesenchymal
Chain
Collective Migration
Plasticity in Migration
Epithelial-Mesenchymal
Mesenchymal-Amoeboid
Collective-Amoeboid
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"The cell migration is a universal process in metastasis which involves many different mechanisms depending upon tissue environments and cell types. Broadly these cell movement patterns may be classified as single cell migration - amoeboid and mesenchymal - or collective migration - cell strands, sheets and clusters. A number of key molecular determinants are associated with cell movement strategies, such as the specific structure of the actin cytoskeleton (Cramer, 1999), the expression of integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and serine proteases (matrix-degrading enzymes) (Friedl, 2000), cadherins and activated leukocyte adhesion molecules (cell to cell adhesion molecules) and cytoskeleton signaling performed by RHO GTPases (Somlyo, 2003). There can be major changes to the mechanism of metastasis in response to the changing pattern of these specific molecular signals."

Tags:cancer, metastasis, movement, neoplasm, tissue

Abstract
This paper discusses the many uses of stem cells, especially in the area of juvenile diabetes, Parkinson's disease and cell regeneration. This paper explains how the fertilized human egg develops into stem cells and their various biological sources and how they are acquired for use in research, including the NIH guidelines. The author believes that stem cell research is so new that the scientists can only guess at what it will be able to achieve as well as what it will not be able to do.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Acquisition of Stem Cells
Opposition to Stem Cells Research
Limitations of Stem Cells Research
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Early research into the use of stem cells focused on two separate approaches. One involved the "control of gene expression", or determining when genes were active or inactive. The other involved the generation or new cells. Some recent research has combined the two approaches, looking at the possibility that gene manipulation could be combined with cell growth, further broadening the potential applications for gene therapy."

Tags:acquisition, opposition, limitation, replacement, therapy