Abstract
This paper analyses how anthrax is a powerful biological weapon, which when used appropriately, may result in the death of thousands or even millions of people. It examines how, in order to maximise the efficiency of a response to a bio-terrorist attack involving anthrax, wider knowledge of the microbiology and spore formation of anthrax is needed, as well as effective biological counter measures to ensure the safety of civilian populations.
Outline
Introduction Releasing Anthrax
Epidemiology Symptoms
Microbiology
Pathology Methods of Control
Recommendations
Conclusion Bibliography Appendix

From the Paper
"Releasing anthrax would be relative simple, a cloud of anthrax spores released in a strategic location, with a high civilian population, could kill thousands or even millions of people if released according. A lethal dosage of anthrax is considered to be 10,000 spores; 80% of a population that inhaled such a dose would die. Less than one millionth of a gram is invariably fatal within a couple of days after exposure. (REF) An anthrax aerosol would be odourless and invisible following release and would have the potential to travel many kilometres."

Tags:agent, chemical, iraq, pathogen, terrorism, terrorist, war

Abstract
This paper examines how using different sources of human embryonic stem cells for research raises different ethical problems and how experimenting on embryos created for in vitro fertilization but left unused, or embryos, created specially for research raise ethical questions. It provides a literature review to present the main arguments for and against using different sources of human embryonic stem cells and to learn about possible alternatives to human embryo research.
Outline
Introduction
Does Using "Spare" Human Embryos For Research Mean a Lack of Respect for the Embryos?
Is Using Embryos Created for Research Purposes Morally Worse Than Using Existing "Spare" Embryos for Research?
What Are the Ethical Problems Related to Therapeutic Cloning?
What Could Be the Alternatives to Embryo Research in Order to Avoid or Minimize Ethical Conflicts?
Conclusions
References

From the Paper
"The other two sources of embryos raise serious ethical questions, namely, whether using "spare" human embryos for research means a lack of respect for the embryos and whether using embryos created for research purposes is morally worse than using existing "spare" embryos for research. The application of the technique of the somatic cell nuclear transfer, in its turn, raises a question on what ethical problems relate to creating human embryos by means of this technique. For example, the polls in the United States show that there is quite a big public controversy over human embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning. The polls also show that the public remains in the dark about the scientific issues related to embryonic stem cell research. "

Tags:genetic, engineering, tissues, organs, in, vitro, fertilization

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an informative description of mustard gas as a weapon of war. The paper looks at when and where it was used during the First World War and then discusses its effectiveness. The writer then goes on to discuss, in a similar manner, the numerous occasions that mustard gas has been used post-World War One.

Outline:
Mustard Gas in the First World War
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est (1917)
Uses after the First World War

From the Paper
""The First World War saw Mustard Gas seen in the largest scale and in the most famous example as a weapon of war. Although during this conflict more lethal gases had been used as weapons previous to the use of Mustard Gas, (such as chlorine) these gases did not have the dermatological affect that Mustard gas has. It was for this reason that gas masks issued to most soldiers on the Western Front during World War One were of little use in countering the effects of the gas and hence it was also for this reason that Mustard Gas was such an effective weapon."

Tags:gas, sulfur, mustard, blister, agent, chemical, warfare, biological

Abstract
An argumentative paper about the negative effects of human cloning. The author discusses the moral, ethical and religious issues that he believes outweigh the medical advances of cloning. Included is an overview of what cloning is and how it could effect society in the future.

From the Paper
"Human cloning is a controversial topic, the public regards it as inappropriate, while the leaders of certain scientific communities believe it is a sound practice that could be researched and used to benefit society. Human cloning is a form of genetic engineering, which most people consider morally wrong and, "Playing God". Through cloning an individual, you create an exact physical duplicate of that person, however, memories, personality and opinions are not recreated, and so differences do exist. Many pros and cons can be found when looking at cloning in depth, but it is my opinion that overall, it is not a beneficial procedure. There are just too many ethical issues that outweigh medical advances and prolonging life spans. A race has been started between scientists, everyone wants to be the first to clone an adult human, however with hopes of personal glorification and publicity, they have lost sight of the moral and religious issues at hand. Human cloning means creating a breed of people that have no flaws or imperfections, and since perfection does not exist, the clone could be nothing but a disappointment."

Tags:clones, ethics, genetics, twins

Abstract
This paper discusses the genetic engineering field of reprogenetics. It covers the history and overview of biotechnology, reprogenetics current practices (from IVF to amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling) as well as potential future possibilities as well as bioethics and its implications on society.

Outline
Introduction
Biotechnology: Overview and History
Introduction to Reprogenetics
Current Practices of Reprogenetics
The Future of Reprogenetics
Bioethics
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The future of Reprogenetics is based around Genetic Engineering of the Germline (Silver, 2000). This essentially refers to the art of modifying or adding to, the embryo, any gene imaginable and any number of genes. Genetic Engineering of the Germline would allow parents to basically design their offspring, from physical characteristics to mental capacity, realising the concept of 'designer babies'. This technology has been used with increasing efficiency on mice, pigs and sheep. However, not until recently has it been considered possible to apply it to humans. This was largely due to quite a low success rate combined with ethical questions. Powerful new modification and screening technologies could allow scientists to overcome this low success rate. The question of ethics however, may remain indefinitely."

Tags:amniocentesis, bioethics, biotechnology, cloning, eugenics, ivf

Abstract
A study of gene therapy, which is the new area for expansion in medicine that holds a lot of potential while having its basic problems associated with all innovative technologies. The paper explains that the technology is still under development and subjected to considerable review but the products of gene therapy are highly in demand as medicine alone cannot hope to cure all diseases especially those related closely to genetic disorders. The ethics and the problems, technical and economical have been considered.

From the Paper
"The currently post-modern amalgamation of nations previously isolated, but now unified by the veins of modern express transport, entails a global society of different individual cultural strengths pooled together to create a single entity for the purposes of exploiting the maximum potential of human achievement. However, this event that has fortified the world's population with regard to economy and technology has unfortunately exposed mankind's greatest weakness, while it being, simultaneously, its greatest strength: the homogeneity of human biology. This allowed diseases, once secluded and endemic to certain geographical zones alone, to spread giving rise to pandemics. Therapeutic solutions in medicine has also exploited this homogeneity to create and mass-produce cures for the entire population, non-selectively."

Tags:ethics, innovation, medicine, problems, regulation, science, techniques, therapy

Abstract
This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. The paper includes a discussion of it's production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme. In particular the essay includes an explanation of the physiological effects experienced with a deficiency of lactase.

From the Paper
"Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea"

Tags:biochem, biochemistry

Abstract
This paper is an objective observation of the development of the human species. It discusses the implications and effects of the principals of cybernetics based on spontaneous emergence of an international neural network of interconnectivity which is swiftly evolving to being of equivalence to a global consciousness and its exponential growth. It explores the evident implications of systemic development and growth of the internet as an international forum of connectivity and its direct effect on the species with views of its systemic principals, their interaction and the potential threat of external moderation of such information distribution.

From the Paper
"As time progresses the accessibility of the Internet is situating itself in a form of networking which allows a vaster quantity of people to 'get connected' every day and the forced moderation of the Internet has potentially dire consequences. This paper shall outlay the physical emergence of a neural network of interconnectivity, the implications of its overview and of the downward trend of the species, stipulating negative trends towards any form of inherent obligations to genetic selective retention."

Tags:knowledge, internet, data, network, traffic, asymmetric, transitions, molecular, nanotechnology

Abstract
This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. It talks about it production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme, in particular the physiological effects of a deficiency of lactase.

From the Paper
"Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

Tags:biochem, biochemistry

Abstract
In vitro fertilisation has been used for decades and allows parents and doctors to screen embryos for genetic disorders and select healthy embryos. This paper investigates and rebuts the argument against genetic engineering and builds a strong case supporting 'designer babies'.

From the Paper
"An even greater and more controversial development in medical science is the technology of stem cells developed from early pre implanted human embryo, and in the near future, the ability to manipulate DNA. The new technology of stem cells will revolutionize medicine. When someone has a heart attack cells are damaged but a dose of new cells made in the lab could cure the harm. It will be possible to cure numerous cell-based diseases like juvenile-onset diabetes and Parkinson's disease, and to make organ transplants unnecessary. An American woman recently had her sight restored using eye cells harvested from stem cells. In future procedures like this could enhance the quality of life of humankind."

Tags:cloning, fertilisation, genetics, vitro, in, dna, disease