From the Paper
"More cultures accept monogamy than that accepts polygamy. Great majorities of people are monogamous, and the other forms of marriage are usually modified in a monogamous direction; that is, the people are more likely to be in a monogamous relationship in cultures where polygamy is practiced. Many times when in a polygamous relationship, there is an almost monogamous relationship between the spouse and the first or most favored mate."

Tags:marriage, mormons, multiple, polyandry, polygyny

Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of adult development explaining the role of work in adult development. It will focus on why people work and ones views on work or leisure.

From the paper:

Before the start of the industrial revolution in the late nineteenth century, people of all ages inhabited the same social world. Children of all ages were educated together. Children and teenagers worked alongside adults on farms and in factories. Several generations often started one household. Neither children nor old people were set apart from the rest of society on the grounds that they were too young or too old to participate. By the middle of the twentieth century, age consciousness had emerged and people in developed cultures had become accustomed to thinking of life as a progression of distinct ages. Medical students had established pediatrics, the treatment of children and geriatrics, and the treatment of old people. Birthday celebrations had become a commercial enterprise.

Tags:adulthood, society, stereotype, work

Abstract
This paper studies muscle cars and their accompanying culture. It details the emergence of muscle cars in the 1960's and how the industry met the public needs, and their fall in the 1970's. It concludes that the enforcement of government emissions standards, combined with the switch to lower octane gasoline eventually lead to the death of the muscle car.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Industry
Individuality
Muscle Cars Emerge
The End of an Era
Conclusion
Interview

From the Paper
"Car culture has been around as long as the automobile. For over 100 years the automobile has been an icon in American history and in people's lives. People have a long history of defining themselves by the car they drive, and judging others in this same way. What you drive can mean different things to different people, but it always means something. It reflects financial and social status, as well as personal expression. For people who wanted to be thought of as sexy, bold, and fast the muscle car was the answer. After the end of World War II, Americans became obsessed with the automobile. Suddenly, cars become more than just tools, more for just transportation they became identity to some people. People were what they drove. "It was only natural that such a state of devotion to an inanimate/animate object should lead to a prominent sub-culture of super-fanatics." (Anselmi, 1984) That love of the automobile became the catalyst for securing its place into pop culture and ultimately what has been the driving force behind the auto industry ever since. The muscle car was conceived by this driving force."

Tags:car, culture, muscle, hot, rodders, 1960's, 1970's, government, automobile

Abstract
This paper uses three articles, "Parental Divorce and the Well Being of Children: A Meta Analysis" (Amato & Keith, 1991), "Children's Adjustment to Divorce" (Amato, 1993), and" Effects of family Structure, Family SES, and Adulthood Experiences on Life Satisfaction" (Louis & Zhao, 2002) to demonstrate the effect of divorce on children, from their adjustment to the divorce, to their well-being after the divorce, to the effects that divorce have on the children of divorce when they are grown.

From the Paper
"The first article, "Parental Divorce and the Well Being of Children: A Meta Analysis(Amato and Keith, 1991). s the name of the study indicates, the Meta analysis involved 92 studies. These studies, according to the article, "compared children living in divorced single-parent families with children living in continuously intact families on measures of well being." In this study, the Independent variable was whether or not the child's parents were divorced or not, and the child's well being was the dependent variable. The study wanted to look at whether or not the well-being of children suffers as a result of divorce. Therefore, the null hypothesis of this study was, "If children do not suffer, in terms of well being, from the divorce of their parents, then there will be no difference between the well being scores of children with married parents and the scores of children with divorced parents" (Amato & Keith, 1991)."

Tags:Amato, Keith, Louis, Zhao, well-being, Adjustment

Abstract
From the paper:

Somewhere in the world, each day, a new McDonald?s fast-food restaurant opens up. The total number of McDonald?s today far surpasses the total number of all fast-food restaurants in the U.S. in 1945. McDonald?s has gone from a single hamburger stand in San Bernadino, California to an international web of thousands of outlets. Factors less obvious to Americans than relatively low cost, fast service, and good taste have no doubt contributed to its success. Americans devotion to this fast-food chain rests in part to uniformities associated with its outlets: food, architecture, environment, and utterances. Their method of advertising even plays up its ritual-like features. To a certain extent, in consuming the products and propaganda of McDonald?s, Americans are not just eating but experiencing something comparable to participation in a religious ritual.

Tags:religious, ritual, meal, sandwich, American, culture, restaurants

Abstract
A thorough discussion of the history and pros and cons of cloning in general. This paper supports cloning humans to help humanity so long as the ability is not abused. Topics presented include natural clones and philosophical, physical, medical and various other issues.

From the Paper
"The word "cloning" once brought to mind a vast array of ideas and thoughts often possible only within the context of science fiction, and yet our technology has now reached a stage in which possibility has become reality. In 1996, the first successful mammalian clone was created and named Dolly - a sheep born asexually who had the exact same genetic sequence as her mother (Hawker). Recently, in 2001 a human embryo was cloned and grew to the 6 cell stage before it died (Hill). These two events have raised an enormous amount of questions surrounding the ethics and benefits of cloning. Even though cloning exists in nature (Identical Twins, bacteria, most unicellular organisms, plants not from seeds, some algae and fungi, many Invertebrates are all natural clones), there is a sense of taking evolution and nature into our own hands by cloning most especially in context to cloning human beings (Hawker). There are strong arguments both for and against cloning, but I believe cloning is only feasible to help humanity so long as it is not abused."

Tags:anthropology, clone, clones, cloning, dolly, humanity, humans, infertility, medical, nature, nurture, science, sheep, technology, vitro, vs

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the situation of indigenous hunting practices in the Arctic and North Queensland and discusses whether indigenous peoples should be allowed to hunt species Western scientists deem to be threatened with extinction. The aim of the paper is to show what indigenous people can teach us and how indigenous knowledge can, indeed should, be considered a valuable resource to both the local non-indigenous and scientific community.

From the Paper
"The question of the value and legitimacy of "scientific", or quantitative knowledge, over indigenous, local, or qualitative, knowledge lies at the heart of the debate over many conservation issues. Whether indigenous people should be allowed to hunt species deemed "threatened" or "endangered" is a matter of concern both locally and internationally, with both scientists and indigenous people claiming certain rights and obligations. Scientists and conservationists in the broader community claim it is within their rights to ban certain hunting practices, these rights becoming an obligation when a species is threatened with extinction, while indigenous peoples claim it is within their rights to continue their hunting traditions, and an obligation to pass such traditions on to their children."

Tags:aborigine, conservation, endagered, species, environment, eskimo, protected, whaling

Abstract
This essay outlines the experience of cross gendered people in both India and the West and discusses liminal aspects of cross gendered experience. The paper begins with a history of the separation of "gender" and "sex", which occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century. The use of the term "gender" as a reference for the social aspects of sex identity first occurred in the context of clinical research on intersexuality (hermaphroditism) in the 1950's. The paper then explores the issues of transgender and cross-gender in today's times, specifically focusing on India as compared to the West. The paper explains that sex and gender are currently being redefined by feminist scholars with challenges to the 'universal' sex/gender binary through cross-cultural analysis.

From the Paper
"One of the most dynamic and relevant areas in anthropology today is the field of sex and gender in anthropology, with feminist scholars redefining Western, and anthropological, sex/gender "norms" through cross-cultural analysis. "The possibility of having more than two genders was opened up by divorcing gender from sexual morphology and by associating gender rather, indeed primarily, with social role and labor tasks" (Ramet 1996: 2). While concepts of universal, male:female, sexual binaries are being called into question, cross-cultural evidence and anthropological theories are being employed in entirely new ways."

Tags:berdache, binary, oppositions, feminist, hermaphrodite, hijra, sex, sex-change, transsexual

Abstract
This paper first studies the history of gender roles with regard to communication and how in the past decades with the openness of society and globalization, it has become more "acceptable" for women to take leading roles in public speaking. The writer also looks at studies which examined the different way school children communicated in co-ed and non co-ed schools. Finally gender differences in the workplace are analyzed.

From the Paper
"In the past, men and women's roles were strictly enforced by society. Men were expected to behave in a certain way and women were expected to in another way. No one would dare to violate these unwritten rules, or face extreme humiliation. In the case of women acting in a way that was traditionally a man's behavior, in some cultures, she could face physical punishment for her transgressions. When men violated social graces, often these transgressions were ignored. As women gained more status, these roles began to change, but the differences still existed. They were only expressed in a more subtle way. "

Tags:communication, verbal, language, skills, response, speech, male, female

Abstract
Childbirth is a culturally-mediated event, and this essay reflects this view. The paper includes a discussion of how ritual is significant to every society and how it varies. It shows a number of inherent differences in the ritual of childbirth between the two cultures, as well as some striking comparisons. Both women and their experiences serve as case studies in each culture. The paper discusses how these women relate to issues such as pain relief, support structures during and after birth - particularly the role of the husband/partner, surgical interventions such as Cesarean section, the importance of postnatal care and differences in emotional expression during birth.

From the Paper
"The experience of childbirth in any culture is a time of great anticipation and encompasses many different emotions, but is never simply a biological act. Childbirth in every culture around the world has been socially marked and shaped and there are quite marked differences in the ritual of childbirth from country to country. "The concept of "natural fertility" and "natural childbirth" are cultural constructs. Our lives are lived in socially independent groups guided by cultural rules." (MacCormack, 1982, p.2) Amongst other things, the ritual of childbirth may differ in where the birth occurred in the hospital or at home, the support structures provided or pain relief, and be influenced by cultural, traditional or religious beliefs. Scheper-Hughes (1987, in Davis-Floyd, 1997) and others put forward the argument that without culture, we would not have emotions, or at the very least be unable to interpret them. As such, culture is a very important factor in the analysis of the ritual of childbirth and emotion. Brigitte Jordan (1979), who many believe to be the mother of the study of childbirth, described birth as a "culturally grounded, bio-socially mediated, and interactionally achieved event." "

Tags:antenatal, anthropology, australia, babies, birth, caesarean, childbearing