Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Kaurna language is one of the main languages spoken by Indigenous peoples in and around the Adelaide region of Southern Australia. The writer notes that after the colonisation of South Australia in 1836, the population of the Kaurna people declined rapidly as they suffered from the effects of disease and displacement. Subsequently their language and culture experienced serious hardship. The writer looks at the importance of the Kaurna language to its people and by studying the techniques used to awaken the language from its dormancy. The writer points out that the revival of the Kaurna language is still an ongoing process, though much progress has already been made. Kaurna is now taught at all levels of education throughout Southern Australia. The writer concludes that whilst many steps have already been laid out to ensure the survival of Kaurna, it is up to future generations to take them and keep the language alive.

Outline:
Why Revive a 'Dormant' Language?
The Kaurna Language Revival
Resurrecting the Kaurna Phonology
Kaurna for a New Generation

From the Paper
"These texts were essentially a written record of the language of the Kaurna people for the English speaking colonists to read. Whilst there was little public interest in the text at its time of publication, even more so when the use of Kaurna was forbidden by government bodies in subsequent years, this publication has become a major tool in the revival of Kaurna for today's generation."
"The reclamation of the Kaurna language began around 1990 with the writing of six songs in a National Aboriginal Languages Program (NALP)
funded songwriters workshop. This was the first time the language had been used again in a creative manner and these songs were subsequently published into a songbook.
"Several workshops on the Kaurna language were held over the following years along with the introduction of Kaurna to some South Australian schools, helping the language to gain recognition once again."

Tags:culture, linguist, community, Aboriginal

From the Paper
"The paper fuses research done by two brilliant writers, John Boswell and W. Eskridge to prove that same-sex marriages have actually been in existence since the Dark Ages. It includes legal citations, the Catholic view on gay marriages, different types of marriages..."

Tags:human, sexuality, human, rights, lesbian, legal, made, marriages, homosexuality, homosexual

Abstract
An investigation of women's rights in Afghanistan. The author examines the rules and laws that women must abide by concerning work, travel and education, punishment and specific difficulties that they encounter such as health care. The paper provides a look at some personal stories.

OUTLINE

I. Introduction
A. Who are the Taliban?
B. Life Before the Taliban

II. Rules
A. May not work
B. Ban on education
C. Travel
D. Contact with males
E. Hiding in home
F. Dress
G. Bathing
III. Punishment
Death for traveling with man not her mahram
Whipping, beating and verbal abuse of women not clothed in accordance with Taliban rules, or of women unaccompanied by a mahram, for having non-covered ankles.
Women have been shot at for leaving their homes without a male escort to receive medical care.
IV. Specific difficulties
A. Employment
B. Health care
V. Personal stories
A. SUMAYYAH KARIMI
VI. Conclusion

From the Paper
"The plight of women in Afghanistan has received much media attention since the start of the United States war on terrorism. This war has focused on Afghanistan because the Taliban government allowed their country to be used as a safe haven by terrorists. While the women of Afghanistan have lived under restrictions unfamiliar to many women living in Western countries, since the Taliban took control of the majority of Afghanistan in 1996, they have been subjected to a series of rules and punishments unprecedented in any other country of the world."

Tags:freedom, rights, treat, power, control, authority, patriarchy

Abstract
This paper examines the history of women's roles and rights throughout China's history, and the philosophical underpinnings of these roles in Confucianism and traditional Chinese belief. The author examines the changes in women's lives since the Chinese Revolution.

From the Paper
"Today, Chinese women have entered society, without necessarily walking out of the family, and so they are given more than one role in life. China is both an old country and a new country, and its expectations of women reflect that duality. For nearly 3,000 years, China was a feudal society. A new China emerged only after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, in 1949. And the country's modernization has continued in the last 15 years with the institution of economic reform and a policy of interaction with the outside world. In traditional China, marriage was the defining event of a female's life, shifting her space, affiliation and responsibility from her parents' family to her husband's. There is a common saying in China: "men tend the outside and women the inside" (nan zhu wai n zhu nei). A woman's social role was confined to the family. Her major obligation was caring for her husband, in-laws and children."

Tags:China, Mao, Zedong, rights, traditional, society, binding, of, the, feet, marriage, republic, people, men, home

Abstract
This paper begins with a brief look at the history of punk music and its formation as a subculture. It then addresses individual aspects of punk subculture and offers explanations as to why these characteristics may be considered 'deviant', as opposed to 'normal'. It addresses the norms, values and revolutionary nature of punk culture in light of the strain theory of deviance and the appearance, style and behaviour of punks from a labelling perspective of deviance. Through this analysis, the paper examines why punk subculture has generated a consistent social reaction for the last three decades that has led to its classification as a 'deviant' subculture.

Table of Contents:
History of Punk Music
Strain Theory
Labelling Theory
Labelling Theory and Punk Style

From the Paper
"The labelling theory proposes that no act is inherently deviant. In applying this premise to punk fashion, it can be argued that punk fashion itself was not deviant. However, as has been explored by Becker, it is argued that things become deviant only when it is labelled as such. Whilst punk may pride itself on its values of free will and autonomy from the status quo, many theorists argue that the punk subculture could not possibly exist without the status quo (Traber 2001, p. 33). This is because if there were no status quo, there would be no one to label punk subculture as 'deviant'. Whilst the punk style was revolutionary when it first appeared, even as early as the 1980s punk style had filtered into the mainstream. Black clothes, leather, and the signature Doc Marten shoes all became integrated into the mainstream fashion (Cox 1994, p. 10). This is a clear example of the ability held by some to label and define others as deviant. When punk clothing and fashion first emerged it was generally at large classed as deviant. However, the filtering of punk fashion into mainstream culture put a whole new interpretation to punk style. This example illustrates the power of the dominant culture to change labels to suit its own needs, and as such determine what is classed as 'normal' and 'deviant'."

Tags:subculture, music, genre, fashion

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the situation of indigenous hunting practices in the Arctic and North Queensland and discusses whether indigenous peoples should be allowed to hunt species Western scientists deem to be threatened with extinction. The aim of the paper is to show what indigenous people can teach us and how indigenous knowledge can, indeed should, be considered a valuable resource to both the local non-indigenous and scientific community.

From the Paper
"The question of the value and legitimacy of "scientific", or quantitative knowledge, over indigenous, local, or qualitative, knowledge lies at the heart of the debate over many conservation issues. Whether indigenous people should be allowed to hunt species deemed "threatened" or "endangered" is a matter of concern both locally and internationally, with both scientists and indigenous people claiming certain rights and obligations. Scientists and conservationists in the broader community claim it is within their rights to ban certain hunting practices, these rights becoming an obligation when a species is threatened with extinction, while indigenous peoples claim it is within their rights to continue their hunting traditions, and an obligation to pass such traditions on to their children."

Tags:aborigine, conservation, endagered, species, environment, eskimo, protected, whaling

Abstract
This paper examines the ?father-creator? God, a ?trickster? God, and a ?love? Goddess of Greek, Norse and Egyptian cultures. The author believes that the ?father-creator? Gods have the most in common: Greek God, Zeus, the Norse God Odin and the Egyptian God Amen-Re. The paper introduces the ?trickster Gods?: Norse God Loki, the Egyptian God Seth, and the Greek God Prometheus. The paper also describes the ?love goddesses?: Egyptian Goddess Hathor, Greek Goddess Aphrodite and Norse Goddess Freya.

From the Paper
"The myths of these gods also referred to the sky. Both Zeus and Odin had palaces high above the mortal world, known as Mt. Olympus and Asgard. These palaces served as meeting places for the gods, and as observation decks. Zeus is often depicted as looking down from Mt. Olympus into the mortal world. Odin also gazed at mortals and gods similarly, from Hlidskialf, his throne in Asgard. Though he did not have a palace in the sky, Amen-Re was referred to as the "Sun" god. "

Tags:love, trickster, father, culture, fertility

Abstract
An assessment of some of the various anthropological explanations for cargo cults. The paper aims to reveal how the history of Melanesia itself, from colonial administration to independence, is reflected in attitudes towards and explanations of, the cargo cult phenomenon. The paper includes a number of lengthy quotes from articles related to the topic, which try to explain the origins of the cult systems and how they developed through history.

From the Paper
"Few topics in the field of anthropological study have spread across academic disciplines and, through journalism, entered into popular usage as completely as the term "cargo cult". So much so, Lindstrom (1993) contends, "from the 1950's to the 1980's, cargo cult became the orthodox term for Melanesian social movements" (Lindstrom 1993:38). Indeed there have been claims that the term is overused, even abused, with all quasi-religious cults and "native frenzies" being labeled or re-labeled cargo cults. "Nowadays, for example, many Melanesian political movements must take care to deny explicitly that they are any sort of cargo cult"."

Tags:orientalism, papua, new, guinea, png

Abstract
This paper examines how anthropology challenges the traditional acceptance of gender roles as a necessary consequence of biological differences. It looks at how anthropological approaches to gender have participated in showing that gender roles are a social construction rather than a natural given and have also challenged the conventional ideas in regards to what is acceptable or not in terms of sexual behaviors and customs.

From the Paper
"Far from being confined to the academic sphere of the anthropological discipline, those revelations provoked major shifts in terms of power. Indeed, the reason why feminists have been so interested in anthropology is that they immediately realised the political implications of such a change in Western thinking (Nugent 2008, pp.122). For most feminist scholars, who were convinced that most societies were showing at least some degree of patriarchy - i.e. the dominance of females by male in significant spheres of life - the anthropological revelation that gender inequalities were rooted in cultural practises rather that in biological determinism was of enormous political importance, as it proved that male dominance was not inevitable (Robertson 2007, p.16). "

Tags:deviance, social, construct

Abstract
This paper shows how cultural misunderstandings are often as a result of incorrect or incomplete translations. The writer explains that people are influenced by the culture in which they live and this helps form their impressions and the ways in which they communicate. Consequently, a metalanguage is required to enable people to discuss a specific language without their culture impacting upon it.

From the Paper
"Cultural differences, which upon careful analysis may not be very great, are often exaggerated by the language barrier thus making it hard to conduct a comprehensive cultural analysis. If a person were to attempt to analyze another culture purely in terms of their own culture, this would clearly lead to misunderstanding and a breakdown in communication. This cultural divide is reinforced by the differing languages spoken in the varying cultures being compared. Whilst in a cultural analysis cultures may not be directly compared, the person conducting the analysis is still influenced by the culture to which they belong. As language forms a part of the activities which people undertake in their cultures, language is obviously going to have a large impact upon the cultural analysis being undertaken. By this, I am referring to the fact that if the person conducting the analysis merely translates lexemes from another language into his/her own language, the analysis will be incorrect as the cultural concepts underpinning the languages will be different. Thus it becomes necessary to be able to give definitions in a consistent fashion which does not rely upon any particular cultural concepts."

Tags:culture, language, linguistics, metalanguage, nsm, semantics