Abstract
This paper has two purposes, the first provides a collection of otherwise scattered archaeological resource material for secondary education providers and secondly, it considers wider issues inherent in the New South Wales history curricula. The first section of this paper contains archaeological resources for secondary education and includes material from North America, United Kingdom and Australia. While the survey is not definitive, it is designed to highlight current trends in printed matter, visual media and the internet as rapidly evolving resource theatres.
Secondly, the paper provides an overview of the relevant stages and structure of history as presented to Australian secondary students. Description, explanation and illustration of the 'continuum of learning' will assist those uninitiated in educational jargon, and hopefully provide an appreciation of the overall course content. Finally, the paper reviews archaeology as taught in Australian secondary schools.

Outline
Preface
Part 1 NSW Curriculum
1. Introduction
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Stages 1-3
1.2 Stages 4-5
1.3 Stage 6
1.4 Board of Studies Requirements
2. Ancient History Stage 6
2.1 Stage 6 History Course Structure
2.2 Stage 6 History Extension Course Structure
3. Review
3.1 Introduction
3.2 History Syllabus
3.3 Assessment and Examination
3.4 Teaching Archaeology
3.5 History and Archaeology
3.6 Recommendations
Part 2 Resources
1. North America
1.1 Print Resources
1.2 Internet Resources
1.3 CD-ROM
2. United Kingdom
2.1 Print resources
2.2 Internet Resources
2.3 CD-ROM
3. Australia
3.1 Print Resources
3.2 Internet Resources
3.3 CD-ROM
3.4 Video
3.5 HSC - Listed Texts
4. References

From the Paper
"For those considering a teaching career, and possessing an archaeological background or skills, a great deal of scope exists within the syllabus for the inclusion of archaeology. A career in teaching HSIE will require a three years bachelor degree plus either a Diploma of Education (Secondary), or a four year Bachelor of Education, or a four/five year combined degree, such as Bachelor of Arts/Bachelor of Teaching (Secondary). Strictly speaking, archaeology is not included in the range of subjects taught in HSIE as listed by the NSW Teachers Association (2003). However, teachers are, 'encouraged to use their special interests and talents to contribute to a wide range of school activities'. Nevertheless, and whilst the course bears the title, Ancient History, a significant body of relevant information comes directly from an archaeological approach, and the archaeological record. "

Tags:students, history, internet, degree

Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Kaurna language is one of the main languages spoken by Indigenous peoples in and around the Adelaide region of Southern Australia. The writer notes that after the colonisation of South Australia in 1836, the population of the Kaurna people declined rapidly as they suffered from the effects of disease and displacement. Subsequently their language and culture experienced serious hardship. The writer looks at the importance of the Kaurna language to its people and by studying the techniques used to awaken the language from its dormancy. The writer points out that the revival of the Kaurna language is still an ongoing process, though much progress has already been made. Kaurna is now taught at all levels of education throughout Southern Australia. The writer concludes that whilst many steps have already been laid out to ensure the survival of Kaurna, it is up to future generations to take them and keep the language alive.

Outline:
Why Revive a 'Dormant' Language?
The Kaurna Language Revival
Resurrecting the Kaurna Phonology
Kaurna for a New Generation

From the Paper
"These texts were essentially a written record of the language of the Kaurna people for the English speaking colonists to read. Whilst there was little public interest in the text at its time of publication, even more so when the use of Kaurna was forbidden by government bodies in subsequent years, this publication has become a major tool in the revival of Kaurna for today's generation."
"The reclamation of the Kaurna language began around 1990 with the writing of six songs in a National Aboriginal Languages Program (NALP)
funded songwriters workshop. This was the first time the language had been used again in a creative manner and these songs were subsequently published into a songbook.
"Several workshops on the Kaurna language were held over the following years along with the introduction of Kaurna to some South Australian schools, helping the language to gain recognition once again."

Tags:culture, linguist, community, Aboriginal

Abstract
This paper compares the worldviews of the Aboriginals and Anglo settlers of Australia, noting that these views have diverged greatly. The disparity of views is the focus of the paper. However, the paper also looks at how, although cultural ideologies differ, the basic need for land rootedness and community belonging remain the same between the two peoples.

Outline:
Introduction
Background
Worldview of the Australian Aboriginal
Worldview of the Anglo Settler
Worldview between Cultures
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Worldview (Kent, 2001; Arbon, 2008), refers to the abstract framework of perceived ideas and beliefs concerning societies' or individuals' lived world. A worldview facilitates interpretation and interaction of the social and physical environment. Significant elements of the collective Aboriginal worldview (appendix marked 'A') include Dreaming/Law (reciprocity), with tiers of custom (continuity), people (relatedness), and country (knowledge) (Arbon, 2008). Land rootedness and community belonging are deeply embedded values of the Aboriginal worldview. The Anglo Settler orientated worldview is compared against the Aboriginal. Worldview has been considered historically, as events since colonialism have significantly impacted upon contemporary Aboriginal perspective. "

Tags:culture, land, community

Abstract
This paper attempts to show that here is a considerable health disparity between the health of indigenous and non indigenous Australians. The indigenous people of Australia are Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The paper also contends that educating more indigenous nurses in indigenous history, culture and health can significantly improve this health disparity, as has been evidenced in comparable countries.

From the Paper
"Although all Australians have the same access to health care services, indigenous people find it difficult to obtain appropriate, culturally safe health care. They are reluctant to use mainstream healthcare as they perceive the services as unwelcome and not culturally appropriate. Goold (2006). The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation represents 130 Aboriginal Medical Centres which are operated by local aboriginal communities, delivered by aboriginals for aboriginals. Their health outcomes are improved because their services are culturally appropriate. The mainstream were not meeting their needs, which are: culturally appropriate care, delivering health care in a holistic way, maintain cultural values and cultural safety, and situated in areas where aboriginals live. Dragon (2007). "

Tags:Aboriginal, Torres, Strait, Islanders

Abstract
This paper explores the impact of the first generation of Aboriginal adults and the introduction of white man's law which appears to exacerbate Aboriginal youth who re-offend. It looks at how Aboriginal communities will continue to experience much higher rates of crime and how new generations will reproduce and intensify Aboriginal resistance to the problems of what was introduced when white settlement commenced. It also shows how the very concept of crime is problematic for Aboriginal people because it has social and historical associations with colonisation.

Outline
Introduction
The Epistemology Impact - Introduction of White Man's Law
Scientific Sociology'
Standpoint Theory
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The introduction of the Protectionist Act gave State governments power to control all aspects of Aboriginal people's lives from their behaviour, employment, education, social restrictions and cultural denial.
The Chief Protector was able to move Aboriginal people from town to town, institutionalise them in reserves, and place 'uncontrollable' Aboriginals in jail indefinitely (Cunneen, 1994: 128-158). The result was the removal of Aboriginal people from ancestral lands, the placement of unrelated people in missions and reserves, leading to family, social and cultural disruption."

Tags:crime, postmodernism, realism, youth, colonisation

Abstract
It is claimed that Aborigines are the most disadvantaged social group in Australia. This paper examines how the interrelationship of a number of key socio-economic indicators is a contributory factor, as is racism. It also looks at the effect of some of these indicators such as education, employment, basic living accommodation and health.

From the Paper
"Despite recent improvements, levels of participation in education and training among Indigenous Australians and their levels of attainment remain well below those of non-Indigenous Australians and absenteeism is massive. In 2001, only half of Indigenous youth aged 15-19 attended an educational institution and young Indigenous adults and children were less than half as likely to use a computer at home compared with non-Indigenous youth (22.5% compared with 52.8%). The figures are similar for Indigenous persons holding a vocational or higher education qualification (22% compared with 48%). The gap between the Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations increased with increasing geographic remoteness (ABS, 2004). "

Tags:racism, indigenous, torres, strait, islander

Abstract
A look at race relations in Australia in view of changing culture and how this is reflected in treatment of refugees, asylum seekers and indigenous Australians. Takes a look into the issues of land rights, the stolen generation, asylum seekers vs. 'genuine' refugees and detention centres.

From the Paper
"Issues surrounding refugees and Indigenous Australians have featured prominently in the media over the last few years, covering areas such as the growing ethnic diversity of Australia, asylum seekers and their right to settle, the treatment of detainees, the stolen generation, mandatory detention, land rights for Aboriginals and Indigenous health. Whilst it has to be said that this has greatly increased the general public's awareness of these issues, it is becoming increasingly apparent that everyday Australians seem willing to place their opinions on the rights and experiences of these two minority groups - refugees and Indigenous Australians - into the "too hard" basket. Also, not knowing much about these two groups and their experiences means that most Australians form their perception of them from stories in the media and what they see on TV and in movies. Could this be contributing to the negative stereotypes and racist sentiment within our society - all too willing to refer to the stereotypes of ungrateful detainees burning down their quarters or the drunken Aboriginals in the middle of Victoria Square?"

Tags:aboriginals, aborigines, asylum, conflict, culture, discrimination, ethnic, freedom, hanson, howard, human, land, multicultural, race, racism, rights, seekers, sorry

Abstract
Arrival of the original Australians has long been a topic of debate amongst anthropologists and archaeologists. The questions of why, how and when Greater Australia was colonized are often asked. The biogeographic colonization model proposed by Peter Veth has galvanized archaeologists into pursuing specific questions at regional levels. This paper looks at that model using the following format.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Arid Region
Paleoenvironment
Islands in the Interior
Central Refuge
Corridors
Barriers
Dissecting the Islands
Biogeographic Regions
Technology
Social Transformation
Summary
Future Research
Conclusion
References

From the Paper
"Paleoenvironment information is derived from 'geomorphological and paleoecological research in Australia and New Guinea? (Mulvaney and Kamminga 1999). Sites at Lake Fromme, Lake Eyre and Willandra indicate higher precipitation rates from 40,000 to 25,000 BP, followed by a colder drier climate c. 21,000 - 15,000 BP, known as the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During the LGM sea levels were 130 metres below present shorelines increasing Australia's overall land area, connecting New Guinea in the North and Tasmania to the South. Mulvaney (1999:116) suggests a reduction in warm surrounding ocean and increased landmass was responsible for creating intense inland aridity. Paradoxically, the intense aridity associated with the LGM palaeoenvironment coincides with human occupation dates for the arid region. Although, Ross et al., (Lourandos 1992) maintains "The arid interior has always been dry, in geomorphic terms." During this period, inland lake levels fluctuated until c. 14,000 BP when most inland lakes became dry, possibly extending the arid area into present day semi arid boundaries (Fig. 1) until "a general climatic amelioration [began] towards the start of the Holocene" (Lourandos 1997)."

Tags:archaeology, geology, biogeographic, arid

Abstract
The paper compares and contrasts the situation of indigenous hunting practices in the Arctic and North Queensland and discusses whether indigenous peoples should be allowed to hunt species Western scientists deem to be threatened with extinction. The aim of the paper is to show what indigenous people can teach us and how indigenous knowledge can, indeed should, be considered a valuable resource to both the local non-indigenous and scientific community.

From the Paper
"The question of the value and legitimacy of "scientific", or quantitative knowledge, over indigenous, local, or qualitative, knowledge lies at the heart of the debate over many conservation issues. Whether indigenous people should be allowed to hunt species deemed "threatened" or "endangered" is a matter of concern both locally and internationally, with both scientists and indigenous people claiming certain rights and obligations. Scientists and conservationists in the broader community claim it is within their rights to ban certain hunting practices, these rights becoming an obligation when a species is threatened with extinction, while indigenous peoples claim it is within their rights to continue their hunting traditions, and an obligation to pass such traditions on to their children."

Tags:aborigine, conservation, endagered, species, environment, eskimo, protected, whaling

Abstract
This paper takes a look into the true definition of a refugee and the Australian government's stance on 'boat people' - also referred to as asylum seekers - and their policy on unauthorised arrivals. Mention is made of the condition of Australia's detention centres, and some of the conundrums faced when determining the fate of illegal immigrants. Is it fair to give a place reserved for a genuine refugee to those who do not come via established means? Additionally, the paper looks at the everyday Australian's view on multiculturalism with reference to imagined communities and the old White Australia Policy. Clearly the influx of refugees has changed the way Australians view themselvs as a nation and led many people to re-examine Australia?s cultural and social makeup.

From the Paper
"As Australians, we have all been touched by the recent refugee crisis in some way or another, with an increased influx of asylum seekers coming to our shores over the last few years. Indeed it is a human tragedy that people can be so desperate to flee their homeland that they are willing to travel thousands of kilometres across land and sea, eventually culminating in a "passage of terror" on an unsafe boat that more than likely would be carrying three to four times the normal number of passengers. The arrival of these "boat people" has caused of a division within our society - those who are accommodating to the fact that these people have fled their county and should be allowed to stay, and those who believe that an influx of so called "illegal" refugees will lead to a perceived loss of national identity - who want them to be sent back where they came from if no sufficient enough reason is forthcoming. The plight of international refugees is a cause for global concern, however understanding the key issues can be difficult for those with little background knowledge."

Tags:asylum, centres, community, culture, detention, immigrants, multicultural, seekers