Abstract
This paper considers the development of the accounting concept of profit. The paper considers the methods of measuring profit under various accounting systems and also analyses how profit is reported under GAAP.

Outline
Introduction
Profit Defined
Capital Maintenance
Determining Profit
Historical Cost Accounting
Current Cost Accounting
Reporting Profit
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The second measure of capital maintenance is maintenance of physical capital. This measure was born of the belief that there were inherent shortcomings in historical cost accounting and its objective of maintaining money capital. Instead, maintaining intact a monetary measure of wealth, this measure seeks to maintain the operating capacity of the firm, or the purchasing power of its wealth. Maintenance of physical capital is the objective in accounting systems using current costs (Henderson et al., p. 85-7)."

Tags:accounting, capital, cost, current, financial, maintenance, theory

Abstract
This paper answers questions provided by client in relation to Camelback Communications Inc. The task of the paper, is to figure a cost-based pricing system that is in line with profitability and competitive requirements. The paper considers several and reports the results. The paper also supplies brief comments concerning the methodology and standards.

From the Paper
"In the case study of Camelback Communications, Inc., the question is what costs ought to be used in order to set prices that are competitive while allowing for CCI's profit requirements. Given the questions that are asked on the assigned case study, the following responses address the issues involved in making this determination. Response to Question 1 Once the allocation rate is set at $10.36 per hour, the price CCI will have to charge to reach a 40% mark-on are as follows: Product B $28.51 Product C $78.51 Product D $50.01. This would allow only Product B to be sold at its industry standard price ($38.50). However, adding mark-ons of 25% yields the following prices: Product B $25.45 Product C $70.10 Product D $44.65."

Tags:accounting, costing, pricing

Abstract
This paper summarizes and reviews "The Goal" by Goldratt and Cox. The paper discusses "Theory of Constraints", a philosophy for improving production throughput presented in "The Goal", and looks at the concept of throughput accounting, a concept embraced by Goldratt and Cox in "The Goal".

From the Paper
"In The Goal, (Goldratt and Cox, 1986) Alex Rogo manages a troubled manufacturing plant. When his district manager informs Alex that profits must increase or the plant will be shut down, he turns to Jonah, a former professor. With Jonah's help, Alex turns the plant around while at the same time abandoning traditional management principles in favor of Jonah's Theory of Constraints and Throughput Accounting practices."

Tags:bottleneck, capacity, demand, equal, less, flow, maximize, profits, inventory, operational, expense

Abstract
This paper examines activity based costing (ABC) which is an effective business management tool that will enhance and support a total quality management (TQM) environment. ABC analysis provides the information necessary to make business decisions such as determining if investments in efficiency initiatives, such as just in time (JIT), are warranted. When implementing ABC, management should use proven project management methodology to minimize the risk of failure. ABC is an effective total quality management tool, and supports just-in-time manufacturing methods in several companies as detailed in the paper.

From the Paper
"After developing ABC in the 1980's, Robin Cooper and Robert S. Kaplan have written extensively about its benefits (Shih-Jen & Holinda, p. 46). ABC is defined as a "costing system that identifies the various activities performed in a firm and uses multiple cost drivers, to assign overhead (or indirect costs) to products" (Siegel and Shim 2000, p. 15). ABC seeks to accumulate and allocate factory overhead costs to products (or services) by using focused drivers, such as, quality inspecting, moving, assembly, and matching (Warren, 2002, p. 328). Proponents of ABC cite many examples where cost accuracy is superior to traditional costing methods that use cost bases such as units produced, labor, or machine hours used (Warren, p. 421). "

Tags:9000, ABC, accounting, activity, based, costing, customer, ISO, JIT, manufacturing, quality, service, TQM

Abstract
In recent decades, mass-marketed tax schemes have been the subject of great attention by the Taxation Office, Federal Parliament, as well as investors, advisors and promoters of such schemes. The papers lists the several reasons for such attention, which include the negative effect such schemes are having on the Australian tax base, the method of financing involved, as well as increasing costs for administering such schemes. Further, in terms of the individual investors in these schemes, unexpected exposure to interest and penalties on any resulting unpaid tax has also been under the spotlight.

From the Paper
"Before we begin, it is important to define mass-marketed tax schemes. Unlike some other schemes that can be ascribed as "boutique"/ "one-off" arrangements tailored for high income or high wealth individuals and large corporate entities, mass-marketed tax schemes are more generic arrangements and products marketed widely to taxpayers from different economic backgrounds . Mass-marketed tax schemes include employee benefit trusts, agricultural schemes with round robin and limited recourse funding, and certain film schemes with guaranteed returns that are, in effect, a return of part of the invested funds."

Tags:anti, ato, avoidance, iva, marketed, mass, office, part, scheme

Abstract
This paper on the Australian budget discusses the Fringe Benefit Tax, health reductions, defence budgets and other effects of budget schemes. It also looks at how it effects the society.

From the Paper
"The 1986-87 Australian Budget Report is one which has arrived in a period where a three year economic growth pattern has dropped; there is a fall in the Australian exports and the earnings from them. The Budget had a 7% actual rise in spending, with a zero rise in real terms; so giving no reduction. It was satisfying for some people and disappointed for others."

Tags:defence, deficit, fbt, fringe, health, recession, tax

Abstract
Following the collapse of Enron and WorldCom and the flow on effects to Arthur Anderson, legislatures world wide are recognizing the need to reform the exposure of auditors and their firms to claims of negligence. This paper examines the merits of limiting the legal liability of auditors. The paper considers the measures recommended in Corporate Law Economic Reform Program (CLERP 9) and explores other practices adopted around the world.

From the Paper
"Many of the principles setting out the legal liability of auditors are found in the common law. In the case Re: London & General Bank Ltd (No. 2) , the court held that an auditor must exercise reasonable care and skill, the level of which was dependant on the circumstances. These findings were confirmed in Re: Kingston Cotton Mill Company (No. 2) , where Lopes stated that the auditor was "...a watch-dog, but not a bloodhound" and that he was only required to investigate matters which aroused suspicion. These standards of reasonable care and skill are not static, they change with time, per the findings of Pennycuick J in Re: Thomas Gerrard & Son Ltd."

Tags:clerp9, incorporation, proportionate

Abstract
This paper discusses how the accountant in a modern organization must be able to perform many more functions than in the past. Managerial accountants are important in assuring that the organization is on target for meeting strategic goals. It looks at how it is no longer enough to have a basic understanding of receivables, payables and cash flow and how accountants now play an active role in management and decision making. They are responsible for goal setting, forecasting and many other activities that were previously in the realm of management and must consider corporate culture and be able to adapt their techniques to meet specific company needs.

From the Paper
"Corporate culture and accounting used to be two terms that should never occur in the same sentence. Accounting was a separate entity from other systems in the organization. Now accounting is an integral part of every phase of the business including legal, political and social systems within an organization (Shraddha and Sidney, 1997). As the needs of an organization change, so do the accounting system change to meet these changing needs. A modern accountant must be more flexible in practice than in the past. Modern accounting practices must be able to adapt a trait that was not synonymous with accounting in the past. Accounting used to adhere to a rigid set of rules and procedures, but now they must remain flexible and willing to change on short notice. "

Tags:goal, setting, forecasting, management

Abstract
This paper starts by presenting the basic components of securitization. It then outlines the common reasons for using securitization. Next, various parties in a securitization transaction are identified, and their roles explained. One important component of securitization - eligible asset, is then examined in detail. The paper also suggests the application of securitization in different industries. Finally, the history and recent development of securitization in Malaysia is studied in detail.

From the Paper
"Securitisation is an innovative technique in raising finances for a company. Its primary objective is twofold convert dull assets into usable cash and clean up balance sheet of a company. By definition, securitisation refers to the parcelling and selling pools of eligible assets by the company owning the assets to a special purpose vehicle (SPV) company, which issues debt securities to finance the purchase of such assets. The SPV uses cash flow from the assets to service the debt it created to purchase these assets. The debt securities are usually rated and tradable in the secondary market."

Tags:agency, cagamas, capital, collateral, commission, danaharta, enhancement, flow, income, market, mortgage

Abstract
This paper provides some research into "Positive Accounting Theory" and how it impacts on the economy. The paper begins with an explanation of the theory itself and then offers some statistics and findings regarding the consequences of its use by management.

Contents:
Introduction
Explaining the Theory
Economic Consequences
The Development of Positive Accounting Theory
How Positive Accounting Theory Operates
Management Decisions
Watts and Zimmerman
Research and Findings
An Example of a PAT study
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Positive Accounting Theory and the doctrine of economic consequences helps us to understand why different firms choose different accounting policies, why some managers may object to changes in these policies and why investors may react to the potential impact of an accounting policy change. Accounting policy choices have economic consequences for the various constituencies of financial statement users and though complicating the setting of accounting standards, the source of the pressures driving the process can be explained by the development of a positive theory of the determination of accounting standards."

Tags:choice, policy, management, business